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and at the same time to reflect the spirit of the present while remaining loyal to the standards of the past.

In 1865, Charles Eliot Norton, while Editor, wrote that "we must use the advantages which the times give us. There is an opportunity now to make THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW one of the means of developing the nation, of stimulating its better sense, of setting before it and holding up to it its own ideal, at least of securing expression for its clearest thought and most accurate scholarship."

Should there be other aim than to strive to "carry on" in this resolve?

The policy of fairness and freedom from prejudice which has prevailed from the beginning will be unchanged, and we shall seek "the eager, immediate, potent grapple with the topics which advance upon the thinker from the forum and the market."

W. B. M.

MAXIMS FOR 1928

BY GEORGE HARVEY

AN affirmative party does not thrive under passive guidance. Things do not happen; they have to be done.

Wanted by the Wets: An undiscernable formula.

TRADITIONAL POLICIES.-Republican: High tariffs for the advantage of manufacturers and wage earners; Federal supervision of domestic affairs. Democratic: Low tariffs for the benefit of consumers and farmers; State rights, home rule, personal liberty.

No statesman can withstand a mandate from his party to become its candidate for President. In politics, as in war, one need not volunteer, but none can escape the draft.

"Prosperity" is a double-edged slogan, excellent to have but ill to boast of, and if oversung is likely to stir resentment in the breasts of the many whose attention is thus directed to the better condition of the few more fortunate than themselves.

The piecing out of a deceased President's term is no longer considered a bar to a Vice-President's serving two full terms as President in his own right.

"Nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life and limb," declares the Constitution. Shall then the Volstead Act under which, by ruling of the Supreme Court, a person may be doubly convicted and doubly punished for the same offense by both the Federal and State Courts having "concurrent" jurisdiction, be held inviolable? My vigour relents,-I pardon something to the spirit of liberty. -EDMUND BURKE.

Modification of statutes providing measures of enforcement do not necessarily involve repudiation of Constitutional Amendments, be they numbered either XIV and XV or XVIII.

It is unwise to direct attention to marked improvement in the character of a political organization by denouncing its discarded practices.

That government alone is durable which rests upon the free will of the governed.-THOUGHTS OF A STATESMAN.

The chief need of high protective tariffs has moved South with the cotton and shoe factories, but neither Alabama nor North Carolina is likely to overcome their common obsession. Per contra, the loudest call for tariff reduction comes from the international bankers, but no serious diversion of campaign contributions from Wall Street is anticipated.

Few in public affairs act from a mere view of the good of their country, whatever they may pretend; and tho' their actings bring real good to their country, yet men primarily consider that their own and their country's interest is united, and do not act from a spirit of benevolence.-BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.

A mere Opposition, however successful in an "off year", seldom resolves into a powerful unit if composed of irreconcilable elements.

The Republican party has never failed to elect a President following the election of a Republican House of Representatives in the preceding "off year". The Democratic victories in 1876, 1884, 1892, 1912 and 1916 also were presaged in like manner, the defeat of 1888 being the only exception to the rule. Republican "off-year" pluralities have ranged from 18 in 1922 to 144 in 1894. This year's actual working majority fell to a minimum, but thus far "enough" has "served."

In all matters having to do with the personal habits and customs of large numbers of our people, we must be certain that the established processes of legal change are followed. In no other way can the salutary object sought to be accomplished by great reforms of this

character be made satisfactory and permanent.-From President WILSON'S Veto of the Volstead Act.

Never straddle in an off year.

Ever since it was ordered that man must earn his bread by the sweat

of his brow, he has been trying to get the most bread for the least sweat.-STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.

If the next National election were to be held next month, the Republicans might not be able to re-elect President Coolidge, but the Democrats could-and probably would. And yet Senator James A. Reed of Missouri may be the Democratic candidate in 1928.

A fearful concatenation of circumstances.-Great Senator DANIEL WEBSTER.

"Thus," remarks The New York World, "George Harvey ten days ago referred to the off year contests as always showing a mechanical reaction against the Administration." Also more specifically to the inevitable defeat of Senator Butler and Senator Wadsworth and to an "abnormal" reaction this year, involving loss of the Senate and a "greatly diminished" majority in the House. Psychology, not figures, speaks true prophecy in American elections.

"QUI HÆRIT IN LITERA, HÆRIT IN CORTICE!", as the lawyers say.

THE FIVE DAY WEEK

BY WILLIAM GREEN

President, American Federation of Labor

TEMPERAMENTALLY there are two kinds of people in the world: One says: "Progress can be made; how can we contribute to that end?" the other; "we shall do well indeed if we are able to maintain present achievements without incurring the hazards involved in making changes." The first group has aided constructive change, and the other group has consistently opposed it, regardless as to whether the proposal dealt with education, politics or human welfare. Labor proposals have uniformly been opposed by the second group.

The two early demands of organized labor were the shorter workday and free public schools. In Colonial days education was a home responsibility, just as training in a handicraft. Children got their first educational training in the home and in private schools. As public schools developed, children were required to attend, their tuition being paid by their parents, their masters or the community. This put the children of the poor on a different footing from the children of the rich. Wage earners organized in unions were among the first to urge our free public school system. Their efforts together with the extension of suffrage were potential in securing the necessary legislation.

Professor Frank Carlton has classified the arguments up to 1820, for free tax-supported schools, as follows:

(1) Education is necessary for the preservation of free institutions. (2) It prevents class differentiation. (3) Education tends to diminish crime. (4) It reduces the amount of poverty and distress. (5) It increases production. (6) Education is the natural right of all individuals. (7) Education will rectify false ideas as to unjust distribution of wealth.

As against educational advance, Professor Carlton summarizes the following:

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