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Descombraz, 'Guide Biblique'-Lechler.

551

(Williams and Norgate.)-A carefully corrected edition of the De Officiis of St. Ambrose, a practical treatise of Christian morals, illustrated by copious examples from Scripture history-a book which was the ethical manual of the Middle Ages.

Guide Biblique, ou Harmonie et Commentaire pratique et populaire de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, &c., par S. DESCOMBRAZ, Pasteur. Tome Premier, pp. 500. Tome Second, pp. 480. Toulouse. Société des Livres Religieux. ('A Guide to the Scriptures, or a Harmony and practical and popular Commentary on the Old and New Testaments.' By S. DESCOMBRAZ. Vols. I. & II. Williams and Norgate.) This Commentary is designed for the use of teachers, fathers of families, and schools, and is altogether of a popular and useful character. The sacred text is interspersed with short notes, practical and explanatory. Maps are appended. The peculiarity of the work consists chiefly in the method of arrangement. The psalms and prophecies are placed as nearly as possible in the chronological order of their composition. Thus the lyrical parts of Scripture accompany and illustrate the narrative, and the chronicle of public affairs is intermingled with the personal utterances of hope and fear, of joy and sorrow, throughout the vicissitudes of Jewish history.

Die Neutestamentliche Lehre vom Heiligen Amte, &c. Von CARL LECHLER. Stuttgart, Steinkopf. (The New Testament Doctrine concerning the Sacred Office,' by C. LECHLER. pp. 452. Williams and Norgate)-Seven years ago a divine named Höfling, belonging to the "Evangelical Lutheran Church," produced an able and remarkable book on Church Government. (Grundzüge Evangelisch-lutherischer Kirchenverfassung. Erlangen.) The work was received in many quarters with joyful applause; in some, with vehement opposition. It passed through three editions in three years. Its object was to show that the ministerial office is of divine appointment, not directly, but indirectly; in other words, that it derives its authority, not from a primary and separate institution, but from the universal priesthood of believers. The author took his stand on the great distinction between the visible and the invisible church. The latter, established by the spirit of God in the hearts of all regenerate men, must take some visible form. A visible church is involved, therefore, in the formation of the invisible. Some sacred office, again, is as necessarily implied in the existence of a visible church. Such an office is the natural and necessary consequence of the command given to proclaim the tidings of salvation, to baptize, to commemorate the death of Christ. The right and the duty of so doing belonged originally to all believers alike. But, since all could not be thus employed, it was necessary to devolve those duties on certain individuals. Hence the sacred office. Thus Hölling directly denied the appointment by Christ of any separate class (like the Levites, or the Romish and Anglican priesthood) for the administration of sacraments. The power of binding and loosing, and so of teaching and baptizing, was given, he argues, to the whole church, to all by whom the Saviour was then surrounded. The apostles constituted a

temporary order. They were a kind of plenipotentiaries. Their words were to be to their hearers as the words of Christ. They can have no successors. We read nowhere of any injunction to supply their failing numbers. Yet a sacred office there must be. What then are we to suppose? That our Lord regarded the sacred office, not as bound up in them and their successors, but as virtually conferred on all true believers, by whom fit persons were to be set apart as religious teachers, evangelists, &c.

Such is, in brief, the position taken by Höfling, and stoutly and skilfully defended. It was a spirited reaction against the assumptions of the old Lutheran and High-Church party in Germany, who maintain that the priestly office is the sole channel of gracious communication, and who regard the Church as the creature of the clergy. Right in their teeth Höfling hurled this argument of his, and declared the clergy the creation of the Church. And so issue was joined; and the fight has been going on between an aristocratic absolutism on the one side, and a democratic, but not disorderly, principle on the other. Dr. Lechler meditated some years ago a reply to Höfling's book. The death of the latter changed his purpose. He resolved to take up the whole question and produce an independent treatise. Hence the work before us. The author declares himself a friend to the union of the Lutheran and Reformed churches. But at the same time he thinks that union cannot be maintained, in its present form, without demanding an unfair sacrifice on the part of Lutheranism. The peculiarities of Lutheranism, he contends, are not trivial-may not be held in abeyance. Lutheranism has yet to fulfil its mission-demands scope for development; above all, more freedom from State control. Let the Union exist, but let Lutheranism develop itself, unfettered, at the same time. To us the two things appear incompatible. A development satisfactory to the extreme Lutheran party must be fatal to the Union. The influence of the King has recently been exerted against rather than in favour of their exclusive pretensions. Hence their complaints of State interference. The State will not sacrifice to their communion every other in the kingdom. Under the name of free development they demand monopoly. Their unscrupulous opposition to the Evangelical Conference is an indelible disgrace. But their malice has overshot its mark, and the speedy refutation of their calumnies has produced a reaction in favour of the meetings at Berlin which will mortify them not a little. Dr. Stahl, their leader, has found it necessary to send in his resignation, which it is thought the King will accept.

ERRATA. In lines 4 and 22 of page 268, for Iahn read Jahn.

. INDEX.

English and Normans-Sir Francis Palgrave, 2; writings of Sir Francis, 5;
Ancient Britain, 7; ethnology of Ancient Britain, 9; Roman Britain, 11; origin and
settlement of the Saxons, 13; the Danes, 15; distributions of race in Anglo-
Saxon Britain, 17, 19, 21; civilization of Roman Britain, 23; civilization, 25;
political institutions of the Anglo-Saxons, 27; Northmen invasions of Normandy,
29, 31; the Norman Conquest, 33; Norman ascendancy in England, 35; reten-
tion of Saxon law-trial by jury, 37; trial by jury-the King's council, 39; the
King's courts-growth of representation, 41; good effects of the conquest-the
great charter, 43; Sir Francis and the medieval churchmen, 45.

The Chinese-their Rebellions and Civilization, 46; meditation on the pyramid, 47;
visit to the insurgent camp, 49; interview with the rebel princes, 51; right of
rebellion, 53; the Manchoo masters of China, 55; Chinese warriors, 57; Hung-
sew-tseuen's excursion to heaven, 59; the Eastern prince, 61; tea or Chris-
tianity, 63; anomalies of Chinese civilization, 65; how they deal with debtors
in China, 67; flogging an empire, 69; Confucius, the true Emperor of China, 71;
the Abbé Huc's new production, 73.

Bishop Berkeley-his Life and Writings, 75; his college life-contemporary events,
77; his sermons on passive obedience, 79; he becomes the friend of Swift, Addi-
son, and Pope, 81; he becomes the chaplain of Lord Peterborough-his travels,
83; his treatise on motion-his tract on the South Sea scheme, 85; he goes to
Ireland-Esther Vanhomrigh, 87; his scheme of church education in America,
89; failure of his great project, 91; he becomes Bishop of Cloyne, 93; practical
tendency of his later writings, 95; retires to Oxford and dies there-his meta-
physics, 97; analysis of his idealism, 99; refutation of his idealism, 101;
his ethical works-Alciphron, 103; the first and second dialogues, 105; the
third and fourth dialogues, 107; peculiar proofs of the being of God, 109; the
fifth and sixth dialogues, 111; seventh dialogue-Locke's theory of abstraction,
113; his political works-the Querist, 115; contrast between his method and
that of Butler, 117.

French Romances of the Thirteenth Century, 119; appropriation of classical and
Eastern legend, 121; Northern France in the thirteenth century, 123; King
Florus and the fair Jeanne, 125; successful treachery, 127; all's well that ends
well, 129; the scepticism of the South, 131; Aucassin and Nicolette, 133; the
legend of Amis and Amile, 135; the story of the Emperor Constant, 137; the
Countess of Ponthieu, 139, 141; fragments of the Latin declensions, 143.

Ages of Christendom before the Reformation, 144; character of the work, 145; the
early Church, 147; the period of innovation, 149; Justin Martyr, Origen, Tertul-
lian, 151; theology and religious life from A.D. 100 to 325, 153; the age of
development, 155; traditionalism and reaction, 157.

Contemporary Notices of Shakespeare, 159; parish register, 161; the lamentation of
Thalia, 163; Greene's pamphlet, 165; dedication of the Poems, 167; Meres'
Palladis Tamia, 171; town-accounts of Stratford, 175; allusions of Barnefield and
Weever, 177; Allot's English Parnassus, 179; editions of Hamlet, 185, 187;
retirement to Stratford, 189; the London Corporation and the players, 193;
reminiscences of Shakespeare belonging to the year 1609, 195; editions of the
plays, 197; business-matters at Stratford, 199; folio collection of the plays, 206;
poetical notices in the folio, 205, 207; Ben Jonson's tribute to his memory, 209.
Charles Spurgeon and the Pulpit, 210; elocution and style, 213; doctrine, 215;
significance of his success, 217.

The Life of Charlotte Brontë, 218; her education-moral and physical, 219;
she is sent to Cowan's Bridge School, 221; her self-education-her earliest
tales and poems, 223; letter to Southey; his answer, 225; she projects a
school-family trouble, 227; her success-her family bereavements, 229; her
brief happiness-her death, 231.

EPILOGUE.

232-280.

LITERATURE.

Alfieri and Goldoni, by E. Copping, 233.
Helps's Spanish Conquest in America,
235.

Gotthold's Emblems, 238.
The Genesis, a Poem, 239.
Ashburn, 240.

The Metaphysicians, 240.
The Eve of St. Mark, 243.

Freeman's History of the Saracens, 243.
French Literature, 244.

ART.

Exhibition of the Royal Academy, 253.

SCIENCE.

Hugh Miller's Testimony of the Rocks,
255.

F. Harrington's Systematic Philosophy,
&c., 258.

THEOLOGY.

Dr. Donaldson's Christian Orthodoxy,
&c., 261.

Letters of Calvin, 273.

Gilfillan's Christianity and our Era, 274.
Toller's Expository Discourses on Philip-
pians, 274.

Dr. Leifchild on Preaching and Preachers,
274.

Arnot's Laws from Heaven for Life on
Earth, 275.

Pearce's Lectures on Inspiration, 275.
Dr. Candlish's Scripture Characters, 275.
The City, by Dr. Guthrie, 275.
Luther's Evangelien-Auslegung, &c., by
Eberle, 276.

Sartorius, Die Lehre von der heiligen
Liebe, 276.

Ewald's Sendschreiben des Ap. Paulus,
277.

Hilgenfeld's Jüdische Apocalyptik, 277.
Recent German Publications-miscella-
neous, 279.

INDEX.

Statius and his Age, 281; education of Statius, 283; rise of public recitation, 285;
its evils, 287; recitation of the Thebaid-the plot; plagiarisms of Statius, 291;
shipwreck and combat of the Cestus, 293; Virgil pillaged and disfigured, 295
Ovid similarly served, 297; the sylvæ, 299; crusade against myths, 301;
Martial and his rival, 303; domestic life and death, 305.

The Ethics of Revealed Theology, 307; moral government as affected by moral evil,
309; the divine government and human government, 311; ethics of the Old
Testament, 313; imprecatory passages in Scripture, 315, 317, 319; false ethics,
how related to a false theology, 321.

Mechanics' Institutes and the Society of Arts, 323; objects-causes of failure, 325;
scheme of the Society of Arts for examination, 327; results of examinations, 329;
advantages and defects of the scheme, 331.

Andrew Crosse, the Electrician, 333; school exploits, 335; his lightning apparatus,
337; his dissection of thunder-clouds, 339; fiery character of a November fog,
341; how he made crystals, 343; art going beyond nature, 345; the electrical
insects, 347; electrified potatoes, 349; his financial infirmities, 351; his public
appearance at Bristol, 353; Andrew Crosse, the poet, 355.

Representative Reform, 356; subjects of discussion, 357; the principle of represen-
tation, 359; the fifty-pound franchise, 361; immense proportion of freeholders,
363; borough polling disproportionate to registration, 365; educational qualifica-
tions, 367; Lord Brougham on the perpetuity of the franchise, 369; the freemen,
371, 373; relative representation of town and country, 375; relative wealth of
borough and county constituents, 377; undue fusion of town and country voters,
379; re-adjustment of borough representation, 381.

African Discoveries, 382; African discovery strangely neglected, 383; progress of
African discovery to 1854, 385; Dr. Barth sets out on his journey ancient re-
mains, 387; arrival at Agades the Sultan's installation, 389; they set out for
Káno-the start of the caravan, 391; neatness of the African villages, 393;
Káno-its general characteristics, 395; arrival at Kúkawa, 397; journey to
Adamawa, 399; the Be-nuwé-its importance, 401; the Marghi-the Kanúri,
403; experience of wild Arab life, 405; the slave hunts, 407; journey to
Bagírmi-the King of the Waters, 409; opposition and imprisonment--arrives
at Má-seña, 411; the great importance of the African discoveries, 413; what
shall be the future of Central Africa? 415.

The Cotton Dearth, 416; 'terrible prosperity,' 417; the Manchester Commissioner,
419; gaining a loss, 421; increasing exports no sure sign of prosperity, 423; Lan-
cashire dependent on slavery, 425; alarming increase of the slaves, 427; Negro
insurrection, 429; apathy of Lancashire manufacturers, 431; the American
cotton crop, 433; annual increase of cotton cultivation, 435; the Cotton Supply
Association, 437; growth of New Orleans cotton in India, 439; how to achieve
success, 441; has the Company done its duty? 443; who is most to blame? 445;
increasing exports of cotton goods, 447.

Béranger, 449; his education, 451; introduction to Lucien Bonaparte, 453;
Béranger during the Empire, 455, 457; Béranger during the Hundred Days, 459;
during the Restoration, 461, 463, 465; under Louis-Philippe, 467; his last
years, 469; his theory of the song, 471, 473; Béranger and Burns, 475.

The Government of India and the Mutinies, 476; political development of the East
India Company, 477; struggles with the Portuguese and the Dutch, 479; con-
sequences of the war with France, 481; the Acts of 1813 and 1833, 483; extent
of our Indian possessions, 485; the annexation of Oude, 487; the mutinies, 489;
the cartridges-Colonel Birch, 491; our mistake in the recognition of caste, 493;
the religious branch of the question, 495; constitutional government impossible in
the East, 497; the fairness and mildness of our rule, 499; praiseworthy
exertions of the Government, 501; a change in the Government imperative, 503.

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