to one another. Milton writes strongly in 'Iconoclastes 'against the "Lord's anointed," and declares it absurd to make it any charm against law. But the argument upsets much more than it would establish, like much else drawn from the same quiver. Yet Milton did voluntary penance in Paradise Lost,' with its theme "man's disobedience," and so links Paradise, Paris Garden, and Paris in 1793 in an uncomely leash together. Even in the Romish consecration of a church there is a species of anointing performed, for they strew ashes cruciform-wise on the floor, and sprinkle the altar with water, wine, salt, and ashes immingled, triple sets of tapers burning the while over pointed crosses. Laud tried to revive much of this.

The sick were anointed, the dead were anointed in the early Church. The Roman viaticum still represents the latter; but it has gone from the head to the feet, to typify entry on a new and higher life.

was never any more made than Moses made this once, and that it lasted to the captivity, up to which date they call the high priests anointed. The subsequent ones they style "initiated in their habits." The fathers of the Church say the high priests continued to be anointed up to the coming of Christ-the Anointed One. It seems likely that it would have been constantly made, and only as much as was required for each occasion, to prevent abuse, else the receipt would never have been given. So the contest has been about nothing. The vessels of the tabernacle were anointed. The process of embalming is an inward application of the practice of anointing.

Separate devotion to a purpose seems to be the ruling idea. Things so treated became inviolable, and to touch them sin. It was this Milton wished to disannul. The Rabbins introduce a tradition that Aaron was marked with the sign of St. Andrew's cross with the ointment, or in the form of the letter caph (), which is probably The antique Romans and Greeks anointed Hebrew moonshine. The priests had the hands victors; they also anointed idols. The Jews only anointed; they could but minister, not atone. anointed the hair, the head, and the high priest; Calmet, from whom all have copied, and most and before that Jacob anointed the stone in Bethel, without acknowledgment, says that kings are not Solomon's guard had their hair anointed, and then commanded to be anointed by Moses. Of course powdered with gold dust. This accounts for the not, for there were no kings then. But Samuel conenormous weight of Absalom's hair. Homer has secrates Saul by anointing him, uttering the words, much about anointing the head and feet before"The Lord hath anointed thee to be chief over his meals. Jennings thinks that the unction of the high priest was repeated on seven successive days, when it abundantly rained down upon his beard and to the collar of his robe, not to the skirts. When the Arabians made covenants, Herodotus tells us, they anointed stones with blood-typical this of cementing an alliance, as blood entered into the cement of walls.

There is a curious passage in Exodus xxviii. 41, "Thou shalt anoint them, and consecrate them, and sanctify them, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office." The Hebrew word here for consecrate is "fill their hand." Roberts confirms this, in his learned way, by a further analogy. He notes that in Tamul to consecrate a priest, kaireppi, also means "to fill the hand." priest's hand is thought to be full of blessings; when he stretches out the right hand he conveys them to others.

The

Glassius refers to Judges ix. 8 to show that in creating a king or ruler anointing was the symbol of appointment to the office. Calmet seems to consider unction a term signifying particular sanctification. It was thus that Jacob in his Mesapotamian journey anointed the stone with oil where God in a dream had visited him; on his return he a second time enacted the ceremony. The receipt is given Exod. xxx. 23 for making the "oil of holy ointment" that is not to be poured on man's flesh. A controversy has been raised about it. The Rabbins maintain that there

inheritance." David was thrice anointed. Samuel on the first occasion employs a horn of oil, cornu olei. Calmet thinks that the kings of Israel were not so anointed, because it is not mentioned, except in the particular case of Hazaël. Silence, however, gives consent more than it establishes denial. He also doubts somewhat of the unction of the prophets.

Luke iv. 18, Christ opens the Scripture at Isaiah, where it is said, "The spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me." The only true consecration we read of is at the descent of the Dove-a spiritual anointing, and not oil, nor blood, nor unctuous perfume of the Mosaic recipe. C. A. WARD.

Chingford Hatch, E.

Schonberg Cotta Family.' Also into one of James
Grant's novels, the name of which I unsuccessfully
endeavour to recall, and, I think, into 'Holmby
House,' by Whyte Melville.
JNO. BLOUNdelle-Burton.

Cromwell, as Lord Protector, figures in vol i. of
a long-forgotten novel of mine-written in 1862,
I think-entitled 'The Strange Adventures of
Captain Dangerous.”
G. A. SALA.

THE WITTEWRONGE BARONETCY (8th S. i. 476). -In the 'Rugby School Register,' the first four entrances in 1707 are those of John, eldest, William, second, George, third, and Samuel, fourth, sons of John Wittewrong, Esq., of Weston, Bucking hamshire. The late Rev. T. L. Bloxam says of the eldest:

the dexter supporter of the arms of the Dukes of
Somerset. It was, in any circumstances, judging
from its elaborateness and dimensions, of important
heraldic origin, and no mere trade symbol, such as
the rhinoceros of the apothecaries. I believe that
it was not till the accession of James I. that Scotch-
men were permitted to freely settle in London;
and that monarch, on ascending the throne, having
introduced the unicorn from Scotland, it has since
remained one of the royal supporters (Burke's
Hence what more
Gen. Arm.,' 1878, p. 19).
suitable sign for a Scotchman to adopt? A stag's
antlers, the modern cutler's sign, now distinguishes
No. 39, Cheapside. Two doors from No. 39 is
the stationer's, which boasts the last-for-ever look-
ing sign of the gorged swan. The house occupies
the site of the historic "Nag's Head" tavern (see
Serre's 'Entrée de la Reyne Mère du Roy,' show-
Wilkinson's plate of Cheapside Cross, and La

"Became fourth Baronet on the death of his father, Jan. 30, 1721/2. He was a captain in Col. Maurice Nassau's regiment. He was outlawed for the murdering the procession of Mary de Medicis, with the of Mr. Griffith, a surgeon; he died in the Fleet Prison, sign of the "Nag's Head" suspended outside the of wounds received in an affray with a fellow prisoner, corner house east). In the Creed collection of March 27, 1743/4." tavern signs is quoted from the Builder (no date) the following:

Of the second son, William, Mr. T. M. Davenport, in the edition of 1881, says: "Succeeded his brother Sir John as fifth Baronet. He was Governor of the poor Knights of Windsor. He died in January, 1761, and the Baronetcy became extinct on his son's death in 1771." A. T. M.

BOLEYN OR BULLEN (8th S. i. 435).—"Margaret Boleyn, widow of Sir William Boleyn. Thomas Boleyn, her son and heir" (Close Roll, 8 Hen. VIII.). "Sir Thomas Boleyn " sells the Manor of Newhall to the King (Ibid., 9 Hen. VIII.). I do not remember to have met with any other spelling of the name on the Rolls of Henry VIII. HERMENTRUDE.

"a house in Cheapside, at the corner of Friday Street,
which has been little damaged in the Great Fire, while
all around has been swept away. It is marked by the
sign of the chained swan. This is the same house known
in early engravings as the Nag's Head.' Inside this
house evident marks of the fire may be observed on the
I have notes relating to ten other signs of the
massive beams of the structure," &c.—Creed, vol. xiii.
Unicorn" in London, which are at MR. NOR-
MAN's service should he like to make use of them.
old trade signs of London, he will perhaps be
As MR. NORMAN has written so ably upon the
interested to know that I am forming a collection
of printed and MS. matter relating to the subject
(exclusively London).
JAMES H. MACMICHAEL.

161, Hammersmith Road, W.

ASTRY: ESTRIDGE (8th S. i. 435).-James Astry,

twenty-three English settled at St. Christopher's in January, 1624, but the honour of having founded that colony belongs to Sir Thomas Warner, who, according to Southey, landed with fifteen men on Jan. 28, 1623/4. In 1675, at the request of the Privy Council, Lieut-Col. William Freeman, John Estridge, Esq., and twelve other old planters drew up and signed an authentic account of the first settlement, and they positively stated that :—

SCULPTURED HOUSE SIGNS (8th S. i. 474).-—I also have made fruitless inquiries as to the time and cause of the unicorn's disappearance of which MR. PHILIP NORMAN speaks. Accompanying the drawing in the Archer collection is a state-no doubt, deposed in 1660 that he and about ment establishing the identity of the house with the residence of Sir Roger Harrison, who gave to the church of St. Michael, Crooked Lane, &c. It is worthy of remark that the "Unicorn and Bible" was the sign of John Harrison in Paternoster Row in 1603 (see 'Hist. of Signboards,' 1884). The "Unicorn" was also the sign of Alderman Boydell, who, before he removed to No. 90, Cheapside, at the corner of Ironmonger Lane, lived at the 66 Unicorn," at the corner of Queen Street, Cheapside (see Cunningham's 'London,' and a paper by Burkitt, F.S.A., Brit. Arch. Journal, vol. ix., who erroneously describes the sign as having consisted of a unicorn supporting a child, instead of which it supports a cartouche). But for this cartouche it might have been gorged, as it apparently CITY DE MENDOZA (8th S. i. 514).—Mendoza, is, with a ducal collar, to which is affixed a chain, in the Argentine Republic, was founded in 1559, and

"The Island of St: Xphs: was first settled by y worthy by King Charles y first) with seaventeene other persons & renowed Capt. Thomas Warner (afterwards knighted Gentlemen adventurers with him in y® yeare 1623." V. L. OLIVER.

Sunninghill.

The objection to PROF. SKEAT's explanation is that Hagustald is not known to occur in England as a proper name. The nearest approach to it is Hextilda, wife of Richard Cumin, whose name is In this volume the Bonny Lass of Albany' written in the 'Durham Liber Vitæ.' Hagustolt, also is given, with the remark, "The following however, is found as an Alemannic name in 744, song,' says Chambers, 'is printed from a manu- and at Fulda we have Hagastalt in 789, and script book in Burns's handwriting, in the posses-Hugustalt in 805. I gladly make PROF. SKEAT a sion of Mr. B. Nightingale of London.'" The reading of the second line is,

to make way for Waterloo Place and Regent
Street. Regent Street was designed and carried
out by Mr. John Nash, architect, under an Act
of Parliament obtained in 1813, and began at
St. Alban's Place (see Cunningham's 'London' or
Wheatley's Cunningham'). But "St. Alban's
Tavern" and street existed as late as 1815, as
may be learnt from a description of the former in
of that date. Mr.
the 'Epicure's Almanack
Wheatley says the street was removed in 1815.
able resort see, besides the above-mentioned books,
For slight information regarding this once fashion-
the Whitehall Evening Post of June 13, 1756,
advertisement relating to the gentlemen of the
Kentish Club, who are desired to dine together,
&c., and a bill in the Banks Coll., B. Mus.,
advertising that mineral waters are sold here.
This is wrongly placed among the book-plates.
J. H. MACMICHAEL.

Saffron, says Culpepper, " is an Herb of the Sun, and under the Lyon, and therefore you need not demand a reason why it strengthens the heart so exceedingly"; neither need we wonder why it should be considered a suitable ingredient in cakes the Rev. Thomas Frognal Dibdin was MR. W. F. WALLER is mistaken in saying that Tom made to celebrate the rising of the Sun of Righteous-Bowling's "i. e., Charles Dibdin's-son. He was ness. The "Lyon" too has been regarded as a type the song-writer's nephew. of the risen Lord, as ancient fancy taught that it was born dead and brought to life on the third day by the breath of its father. ST. SWITHIN.

The saffron of commerce is prepared from the stigmas of Crocus sativus, a plant formerly cultivated to a large extent around the town of Saffron Walden, in Essex. Murray's 'Handbook for the Eastern Counties' refers to the tradition that the

first bulb of the plant was brought to England
hidden in a palmer's staff. After being grown for
several centuries, the cultivation of saffron ceased in
Essex more than a hundred years ago. Blakely's
"Handy Dictionary of Commercial Information
states:-
:-

"Saffron is used as a medicinal drug chiefly on account of its colour; also for the same reason by dyers, painters, and in confectionery and pastry...... It is esteemed medicinal in the East, with all sorts of virtues ascribed to it." I. C. GOULD.

INSTRUMENTAL CHOIR (7th S. xii. 347, 416, 469; 8th S. i. 195, 336, 498).-The serpent about which C. C. B. inquires is now quite obsolete. Mendelssohn wrote a part for it in his 'Meeresstille' Overture, and in his 'St. Paul,' 1835. This is probably the latest orchestral use of it by a composer. Two serpents were, however, used in the band of the Sacred Harmonic Society, under Costa's direction, till 1850, and serpents were employed in the Guards' band till about the same time. They were superseded by the ophicleide, which, in its turn, gave place to the bombardon.

WEYGHTE.

"ST. ALBAN'S TAVERN" (8th S. i. 293, 417).— "St. Alban's Tavern" was not situated in the thoroughfare now known as Pall Mall, but in St. Alban's Street. This small street was removed

CHARLES WYLIE.

"BOOT AND SADDLE" (8th S. i. 209, 318).This is one of the familiar calls sounded upon the trumpet before it possessed valves and keys, to which arbitrary names were given. In the Armada,' by Macaulay, we read:

And haughtily the trumpet peals, and gaily dance the

bells.

"Ou, ye see, sir,' said the sexton, 'as for the auld gude-sire body of a lord, I lived on his land when I was a swanking young chield, and could hae blawn the trumpet wi' onybody, for I had wind enough then-and touching this trumpeter Marine that I have heard play afore the Lords of the Circuit, I wad hae made nae mair him to hae played Boot and Saddle,' or 'Horse and o' him than of a bairn and a bawbee whistle. I defy Away, or Gallants come trot' with me-he hadna the tones.'"-Chap. xxiii.

like a squabble as to the personal identity of the Malbrouck of the French song. In this I shall take no part, beyond adding my testimony to that of W. C. B. at the last reference, that "the tune of 'Malbrouck' is identical with that of......' We won't go home till morning."" I have not only heard a Frenchman sing "Malbrouck s'en va-t en guerre," but when I was at Boulogne, about twenty three years ago, I strayed into a back street and saw in a shop window there several ballad-sheets with the melodies, one of which was this 'Malbrouck.' My special purpose in now writing is to say that from my boyhood days I remember the two opening lines of a song that went to this particular melody:

Some people are always contending

The times are so bad they want mending.

I am not sure that the refrain of this song was 'We won't go home till morning.' F. ADAMS. 105, Albany Road, Camberwell.

In answer to MR. T. W. TEMPANY, with reference to the French air of "Malbroke s'en va à la guerre,' ," the ridicule seems to apply to the third duke of that famous title, not to the great duke himself. In Burke's 'Peerage,' &c., the former is described as

"a Brigadier-General in the Army, who commanded a brigade of foot guards at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743. His Grace had the command, in 1758, of the land forces in an expedition against the French colonies [provinces]; and in the same year was appointed Commander-in-Chief of all the British forces intended to serve in Germany under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. His Grace died of a fever, October 28, 1758, at Munster, in Westphalia, and was succeeded by his eldest son."

heap are powerful talismans against bodily ills. Intensity of religious faith, passing into the wildest, and often grossest superstition, is the dominant character of the inhabitant of the Léonais."-Ballads and Songs of Brittany,' by Tom Taylor, translated from the 'Barsaz Breiz' of Vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué (Macmillan & Co., 1865), introduction, p. v.

"Under the shadow of this headland (i. e., Penmarch) years mass used to be served once a year from a boat on lay the town of Is.......Till within the last forty the Menhirien (or Druid stones), which at low springtides rose above the sea, and were believed to be the altars of the buried city, while all the fishing boate brought a devout population of worshippers to this Christian sacrifice at Druid altars."-Ibid., p. viii. "Vannes is the home of the legends of gnomes and spirits, of dwarfs and fairies that haunt rocks and woods, streams and fountains, of the dus and mary morgan, the poulpican, and the korrigan (Celtic fairies of the woods, streams, rocks, and springs). The foot-ball play of the Soule, in which villages and parishes contend for the mastery, limbs being broken and lives often lost in the fierce excitement of the struggle, is now confined to the district of Vannes."-Ibid., p. xiv.

As to De la Villemarqué's 'Barsaz-Breiz,' see 7th S. xii. 335, under 'Survival of Druidism in France.' The bonfires for the festival of St. John in England are told of in Hone's 'EveryDay Book,' i. 845, and Hone's 'Year-Book,' 984,

ed. 1832.

St. Austin's, Warrington.

ROBERT PIERpoint.

CHURCHMEN IN BATTLE (7th S. x. 67, 189, 311; xi. 292, 373).—May the following late instance be added to those given by myself and other correspondents? It must be borne in mind that Grant's very graphic and interesting work is not a history, but, like many of the "Waverley Novels," a romance founded on history. The circumstance of the "three hundred unfrocked friars" may, therefore, not be literally true, but I dare say it is ben trovato. What do your readers who are better acquainted with Spanish history than I am say?

only Frenchmen; and what say the priests every day? "Love all mankind bu! Frenchmen, who are the spawn of hell!" They lie under the ban of his holiness the Pope, and with this excuse three hundred unfrocked friars serve in my band-and brave fellows they are as ever grasped hilt!'"-Grant, The Romance of War,' chap. xlii.

JONATHAN BOUCHIER.

PAGANISM IN BRITTANY (8 S. i. 83, 320).— "The Léonais (the Lemovicas of the Merovingian sovereigns) forms the extreme western horn of Brittany, "Satanas seize us if we bury a hair of their heads!' The church is the great point of reunion for the exclaimed the guerilla [Francisco Mina] vehemently. Leonards; its pardons, or festivals of patron saints, fur-Pho! Senor Cavalier, you forget yourself. They are nish its great occasions of rejoicing; the Day of the Dead' the day after All Saints' Day-is its chief family commemoration. The whole population is in mourning; the day is spent in religious services, in masses and prayers for the dead. The remains of the supper, which crowns the offices of the day, is left on the table, that the dead may take their seats again round the remembered board. The festival of St. John-the Christian substitute for the Druidic Sun-feast-is still celebrated, Beal-fires blaze on every hill-side, round which the peasants dance all night, in their holiday clothes, to the sound of the biniou, a kind of rustic hautboy, and the shepherd's horn, or of a rude music drawn out of reeds fixed across a copper basin. The girl who dances round nine St. John's fires before midnight is sure to marry within the year. In many parishes the curé himself goes in procession with banner and cross to light the sacred fire. A brand from it is preserved with reverence: placed between a branch of box blessed on Palm Sunday, and a piece of the Twelfth-night cake, it is supposed to preserve the cottage from evil by thunder. The flowers of the nosegay which crowns the beal-fire

GEORGE MONK, DUKE OF ALBEMARLE (8th S. i. 515).-Monk's wife was a girl who maiden name was Nan Clarges, the daughter of a blacksmith in the Savoy, and married firstly to a perfumer named Ratsford. When a prisoner in the Tower, after the Battle of Nantwich, and engaged in writing Observations upon Military and Political Affairs,' Monk, then a colonel, amused himself by making love to the perfumer's wife, who came from the sign of "The Three Spanish Gypsies," in the Exchange, to fetch his linen. Ratsford objected