CORROBOREE (8th S. i. 353, 383, 458, 520; ii. 38, 194).—MR. WARD makes a distinct statement. He says that certain words-referee, guarantee, absentee, and others were all at one time accented as DNARGEL says, i. e., on the last syllable, but that "they are not now." I controvert that statement. Thereupon it is suggested that I have a negligent ear, and cannot distinguish between the arsis and the vowel sound of ee, because I spell corrobery as it is pronounced by Queenslanders, and trusty for trustee, as I understood it to be pronounced by MR. WARD. But this is riding off on a false issue. MR. WARD never spoke of arsis, but stated that the above words were not accented on the last syllable. I am glad he withdraws his statement, though he covers his retreat by controversial methods which are scarcely worthy of imitation.

VOICES IN BELLS AND CLOCKS (7th S. xii. 304, 396).-I have read with much interest the instances given by MISS BUSK, ESTE, Jonathan BOUCHIER, H. H. B. and J. F. MANSERGH, and am able to add the following from the "childhood recollections" of my mother. The bells of Drewsteignton, Devon, were believed in former days to say: "Hammer, nails, and thong: hammer, nails, and thong: three brass candlesticks and one brass pan." Those of the adjoining parish of Hittisleigh had the more curious sound of:

THE MARSEILLAISE' (8th S. ii. 124, 191).— National airs have, seemingly, a way of growing up imperceptibly, rather than being created. As to the Marseillaise,' its origin was long shrouded in doubt, although it has now been definitely ascertained that the words of the song were written by Rouget de Lisle, and that he adapted them to a sonorous Alsatian melody well known at the time, just as the American authoress of the Confederate hymn My Maryland' fitted to her ringing stanzas an adaptation of an old Latin carol sung by German students over their seidels of beer.

6

History, which is ever ready to fit us with a story, tells us, in connexion with the Marseillaise,' that Rouget de Lisle having partaken, not wisely but too well, of the wine of the Mayor of Stras

I desire to reiterate my surprise that "one section of educated society uses an entirely different pronunciation from another." That certain words are under process of change does not seriously interfere with the general standard of pronunciation which educated society has estab-bourg, wandered forth into the garden. Whether lished by common usage. If I write an ungrammatical sentence in your columns I shall be speedily and deservedly shown up, and I shall probably not be told that I have simply given my sentence a different construction. And so, if I go to "the bar, the stage, the pulpit, and the House," and hear the same word pronounced in four different ways, I shall inevitably come to the conclusion that three at least of the speakers have displayed culpable ignorance; and I shall be in no haste to amend my dictionaries by recording the different pronunciations that have fallen from them.

HOLCOMBE INGLEBY.

STOCKFISH (8th S. i. 511; ii. 95).-My respect for the R&V. ED. MARSHALL is so great that I can only express my regret that he considered himself justified in making the reproach implied in his communication. Perhaps, if he will turn up 7th S. iv. 279, and read there the seven different reasons assigned for the name of stockfish-none of which is Dr. Johnson's or mine-he will be satisfied that his remark was ungenerous. My observation concerning stockfish blockhead was due to a hazy recollection of the fact that in German stockfisch is used in that sense. GEO. NEILSON.

there was anything in the cool air of that Strasbourg garden conducive to musical or poetical composition I know not; but it is said that on coming back again, much refreshed, he sat down at the harpsichord and recited the Marseillaise,' words, music, and all, to the delight and astonishment of all the good citizens and citizenesses assembled. The story has, to say the least of it, a semblance of improbability, for we are led to believe that poets and composers alike pursue their work with care and deliberation, and that in the majority of instances their best works are not thrown off at a minute's notice.

In a literary sense, the Marseillaise' is strictly a classical composition, and the smallest inequality would have reduced it to the rank of a complainte, such as 'Marlbrouck.' I think we may, therefore, safely conclude that when it was first performed it was really a matured work rather than the impromptu effort which the story would lead us to

believe.

Richmond, Surrey.

T. W. TEMPANY.

very

any participle except, I think, "tired." Why
the distiction should have arisen between par-
ticiples and adjectives it is hard to see, as
simply means verily, really, and so might reasonably
have been employed to emphasize the one as well
as the other. But custom is stronger than reason,
and I never hear "very pleased" without a secret
shudder or an open protest. I think this was
(after "tired" and perhaps "marked," which your
New York correspondent mentions) the first par-
ticiple which began in our time to admit the
"very." I now hear it often applied to others.
"Very much pleased" is the correct English
phrase here, as in New York.
A. E.

Farington, who died in 1572, was Alderman of
Chichester, and three times Mayor.
His son
John and grandson Thomas also served as alder-
men of the city. Alderman Thomas Farington,
the last mentioned, died in 1653, leaving a son
Sir John Faringtor, of Gray's Inn, who died in
1685, and was succeeded by his son, Richard
Farington, of Chichester, who was created a baronet
Dec. 17, 1697. He died without surviving issue
in 1719, when the baronetcy expired.
ALF. T. EVERITT.

'HENRY VIII.' AND STAGE SCENERY (8th S. ii. 83). Richard Leigh, in 'The Transproser Rehears'd,' 1673, after noticing this passage of the Rehearsal,' writes :

"Cardinal Campejus his Pageantry, whose Mules under glorious Trappings, and rich foot cloaths, carryed such disgraceful lumber as is not usually conceal'd in W. C. P.

Carriers Packs."-P. 10.

I have always regarded very pleased as a vulgarism, only not quite so bad as that favourite expression of the uneducated "a very deal." It would be interesting if your American correspondents would favour us with a list of English idioms which are strange to their ears; and it must be done soon, for the languages are assimilating rapidly. I have gathered from American books that "quite so is one of these phrases. They may be amused to learn that "quite a number," Six Months in the Apennines; or, a Pilgrimage in Search She had a "quite a few," "he did not have, good time," "he don't," and "he did not ever do it," were as strange to our ears until a few years ago. HERMENTRUDE.

to say very much pleased." Annandale's 'Imperial Dictionary,' sub "Very," has :

6

"Among old writers very was frequently used alone to modify a past participle, and it is still to some extent so used; thus, Sir W. Jones has very concerned'; Gibbon, very unqualified'; Sydney Smith very altered,'" &c. As there is no verb unqualify, unqualified can be nothing else but an adjective, and concerned and altered come under the same part of speech. When we say "I am very pleased," there is no action implied, but there is simply a description of the state or condition in which one is at the time of speaking.

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

HOUSES IN CHICHESTER (8th S. ii. 188).-The arms described by MR. MORO PHILLIPS are those of the Farington family of Chichester. Thomas

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

of Vestiges of the Irish Saints in Italy. By Margaret
Stokes. (Bell & Sons.)

MISS STOKES is far too well known for it to be necessary
for us to introduce her to our readers. Taking, as she does,
a rank among the highest of Irish archeologists, we are
especially glad to have a work from her hand dealing
with the wanderings of the early saints of Ireland.
The history of Christianity in Ireland has had two
great evils to contend with, theological fanaticism and
the extreme violence of insular patriotism. These two
obscurantist forces have blended their powers of work-
ing evil, so that many honest and careful men have been
led to disbelieve what is undoubtedly true, because
patriotic and religious zealots have surrounded it with

such a dense cloud of error.

Two things are undoubted facts, and these mark off Ireland from every other country of the West. When Christianity was first preached in Ireland by St. Patrick and his fellow missioners the people heard the word when the new faith was established a zeal for learning gladly, so that there were no early martyrdoms, and burst forth which has never been witnessed before nor since. All continental Europe was sinking into barbarism. The northern hordes had done their work, they refined but cruel and sensual civilization of old Rome, had swept awny with the besom of destruction the but they had not themselves had time to develope from barbarism.

In this sad era, the darkest which Christianity has ever endured, Ireland acted the part of a university to the rest of christendom. The men who felt a call to study fled to her schools, and her own children in incredible numbers devoted themselves to such learning as was then known. The Irish scholars were not selfish ; many of them crossed the sea and imparted what they knew to the heathen or half-heathen inhabitants of Italy, France, Burgundy, and the lands we now call Germany and Switzerland. The number of bishops' sees, monasis far greater than most of us suppose. Miss Stokes has teries, and churches founded by these Irish missionaries undertaken to give information on one section of this great subject. The Irish saints who helped to evangelize

estimated.

indispensable. The obituary alone is enough to justify the reputation the work has gained and the esteem in which it is held.

Italy-Frediano, Martino, Sillan, Columban, and others are remembered with honour in their native country, and also in the land of their adoption, but we do not think any one from Ireland has ever undertaken, before Miss WE have received the Antiquary, Vol. XXV. (Stock). Stokes, to unite the severed fragments of their bio- Year by year, as it seems to us, we notice some improvegraphies. This she has done in a manner which cannot ment. The Antiquary now holds much the same position fail to interest those who read her work. There is no as the Gentleman's Magazine did in the thirties. The parade of learning, but, so far as we are able to judge, special feature which distinguishes the Antiquary is every authority in print or manuscript which bore on the subject has been consulted and its value carefully divided into two series, British and foreign. The latter the archæological notes for the month. These are The work is charmingly illustrated by copies of photo-which we should seek for in vain elsewhere. Mr. R. C. are extremely valuable, containing much information graphs and drawings made by the author herself. Though Hope's notes on Holy Wells, which are a continuation the book is in no sense controversial, there are a few of articles that have appeared in previous volumes, are passages, to which it may be well to draw attention, in most useful. We trust that, from the material here which the modern spirit of destructiveness is animad- collected and other additions which he will no doubt verted on. We cannot but wish the language used had accumulate, the learned author may some day or other been stronger. We trust that many of our readers know be moved to give the antiquarian world a gazetteer of the Botticelli's picture of the 'Assumption,' which is one of holy wells of Great Britain and Ireland. The papers by the treasures of our National Gallery. In it is repre- various writers on archæology as represented in our local sented a little octagon oratory of very early date. When Miss Stokes went to examine it she found that the build- effect in certain quarters of making the authorities museums are very good. We hope they may have the ing had disappeared. It was destroyed in 1875, to add to ashamed of themselves. When we compare the collecthe elegance of the neighbouring church, "Per crescere tions to be found in the museums of the smaller prol'eleganza della chiesa." Whether this act of vandalism vincial towns of the Continent with what we have at was the work of the authorities of the Church or the home, an Englishman must often feel much ashamed. State we have no means of knowing, and Miss Stokes Mr. F. Haverfield's quarterly notes on Roman Britain does not inform us. Whoever did it ought to be held up are very useful. We trust that they may be continued in to the reprobation of civilized mankind. future volumes.

Literary Coincidences, A Bookstall Bargain, and other
Papers. By W. A. Clouston. (Glasgow, Morison Bros.)
THE first paper in Mr. Clouston's interesting collection
of essays runs on familiar lines. Instead of tracing stories
as near as possible to their sources, Mr. Clouston does
the same with ideas and illustrations. Besides furnishing
many literary parallels in which the reader delights, Mr.
Clouston goes back not seldom to the Masnaví' and other
Eastern works with which few scholars can claim
acquaintance. His 'A Bookstall Bargain' gives a pleasing
account of the result of what was practically a dip in the
sixpenny box. Ancient Riddles' and 'St. Valentine's
Day in the Olden Time' appeal also directly to most
readers of N. & Q.,' to whom the volume needs no
recommendation.

Some Persian Tales from Various Sources. By W. A.
Clouston. (Glasgow, D. Bryce & Son.)

A DELIGHTFUL little collection of Persian stories is here
assembled. Many of them are distinguished from ordinary
Eastern fiction by the absence of the supernatural, or
what the editor calls "the monstrous creations of the
Asiatic fancy." The whole of these may be read through
in a couple of hours, and there are few who having begun
will leave off until the end is reached. Mr. Clouston's
notes are few but helpful.

La Belle Nivernaise. By Alphonse Daudet. Translated by Robert Routledge, B.Sc., F.C.S. (Fisher Unwin.) IN an adequate translation Daudet's delightful little story of canal life has been added to the "Children's Library" of Mr. Fisher Unwin. The original illustrations are reproduced. Children will not be the only or the highest admirers of this pleasing idyl.

The Annual Register for the Year 1891. (Longmans.) THOSE who seek a trustworthy and priceless record of public events at home and abroad look for the Annual Register and watch with contentment the expanding row of goodly volumes. In the shape it assumes in the new series there is, indeed, an almost perfect work of reference, and the politician, the historian, the journalist, and other classes have learned to regard it as

A SECOND and revised edition of Coins and Medals: their Place in History and Art,' by Stanley Lane-Poole, is announced for immediate publication by Mr. Elliot Stock.

THE REV. E. MARSHALL, of Sandford St. Martin, Oxford, wishes to exchange copies of his book-plate with collectors, up to twenty in number.

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WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate."

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