remarry. Then follows an instance to prove the position to be correct:

Yorksh. Arch. Jour., x. 76). In our own time the building of iron ships has removed that difficulty. But I wish to call attention to the slow "It is related that a certain Christian was sentenced and silent but sure approach of another (see to death; but before being led to execution, he confessed 'N. & Q.,' 7th S. ii. 266; xi. 422) great change that he had once murdered a Jew between Nicole and in rural England. No such timber is ever planted Everwyc (Lincoln and York). The murdered man was now. Even if the trees now standing by the road-carrying ten pounds from a lady in Everwyc, named side, and around and in the fields, singly or in clumps, are left till they fall by storm or by decay, no young ones are being planted to take their places. How bare and unpicturesque the country

then!

But they are not likely so to be left. To say nothing of needy landlords, the farmers have always been against them; and of recent years, owing to the increase of his kind, every smallholder and market-gardener is their deadly enemy: Not one would have his pitiful regard, For prized accommodation, pleasant use, For dignity, for old acquaintance' sake, For ancient custom or distinguish'd name. His sentence to the axe would doom them all, Wordsworth, Excursion,' vii. q.v. Surely they lose in shelter what they gain in soil. A few landowners plant hillsides and exposed situations with hardy, slow-growing trees (never, perhaps, attaining any considerable height), and covers are made for game. Coppices, which are cut down every few years to supply poles and rods, are of no account. Let us be stimulated by Cicero's quotation: "Serit arbores, quæ alteri seculo prosient" (see 'N. & Q.,' 7th S. vi. 427, 494; vii. 134, 375). It is a matter which affects climate, trade, and beauty. W. C. B.

MEDIEVAL JEWS.-The medieval Jews, both in England and on the Continent, made it a point to study the Talmud very zealously; and to such an extent did they carry their ardour that they got together, in the course of time, a vast amount of addenda to the text, technically known as Tosephos or additions.

Several of these addenda have seen the light of print, but a vast quantity yet remains in manuscript. Occasionally, when an argument has to be clenched or a precedent established, some interesting incident of the times is related. References to England, however, are very rare.

In one work of this kind, entitled "The Mordecai,' from the name of the compiler, an allusion is made to our realm in early times. A question is being debated with regard to marrying and remarrying, and the rabbis are in doubt whether they are empowered to absolve a woman from her Vows in the event of her husband vanishing from the scene of life, no one being cognizant of the time or mode of his exit.

Eventually they arrive at this conclusion. If any person, Jew or Gentile, a criminal or otherwise, solemnly avows that he knows the husband to be dead, his word is taken, and the widow may

Judith, to her brother in Nicole."

The widow of the murdered man was allowed again to tie the nuptial knot.

The Hebrew record is without date. I have

looked carefully through my tabulated lists of all the York and Lincoln Jews who were in England up to the time of the Expulsion in 1290, but can find no trustworthy trace of the persons here alluded to.

M. D. DAVIS.

RHYMING OATH.-The following rhyming oath is given in the Sporting Magazine for November, 1810, vol. xxxvii. p. 79. No indication is given as to the authority from which it is quoted :

"The oath of the inhabitants of the forest, of the age
of twelve years, was anciently in the following old
rhymes:-
You shall true liege-men be,
Unto the king's majesty:

Unto the beasts of the forest you shall no hurt do,
Nor anything that doth belong there unto:
The offences of others you shall not conceal,

But to the utmost of your power, you shall them reveal
Unto the officers of the forest,

Or to them who may see them redrest :
All these things you shall see done,
So help you God at his holy doom."

K. P. D. E.

THE BOARDMAN.-To the pursuer of useless knowledge the protoplasm of the "sandwich-man," that now is, is a quarry comme une autre, and his first appearance in the London streets a première to be noted. The public prints seem first to have taken cognizance of him, and with a certain sense of the fitness of things, on Nov. 5, 1825. This early boardman bore but a single board. On it were pasted two lithograph portraits, copies of which the bearer retailed at fifty per cent. less than the sum which Mr. Chery Slyme found so "ridiculously small." There is, at any rate, one collector who would be glad to buy that portrait to-day at twenty times the shilling it was then to be obtained for. It represented one Mr. Joseph Leeming (who called himself " The Aerial," "The Phoenix," "The God of Beauty," and-in spite of remonstrance-" The

Arcana of Nature") in "the splendid dress of
Spanish costume" which, according to the Times
of July 2, year above mentioned, had “excited much
attention at Vauxhall Gardens." It appears that
"The Aerial" had, in this guise, "walked, or
rather skipped, round the promenade with an air
of consequence," and, having distributed a number
of cards on which was written a challenge to "the
whole world to find a man that could compete with
him as such," had "darted like lightning through
the grand entrance, where a carriage was waiting
in which he was driven off." The board man who
advertised this phenomenon had certainly his
reason to be; but his subsequent appearance is
not recorded. A counterfeit presentment of Mr.
Leeming, a letter over his signature, and some
account of his after-history, are to be found in the
'Everyday Book,' i. 1457. W. F. WALLER.
"THE FATAL GIFT OF" FOULNESS.-Answers
of August 20 contains the startling statement:-
"It was such a thoroughly well-recognized fact in the
Middle Ages that criminals were seldom good-looking,
that it was a point of law that, if two people appeared,
from the evidence brought against them, to be equally
guilty of any crime, the uglier of them was to be con
demned."-Art. A Criminal Appearance: is it Pleasing
or Not?' Answers, vol. ix. p. 228.
ST. SWITHIN.

CANTABRIGIA. In some papers contributed some few months since to your contemporary Knowledge, Canon Taylor gave some account of errors in nomenclature, to which he gave the title 'Ghost-names.' Among this class he included Cantabrigia, attributing its origin to the name of the Granta river. I venture to believe that in so doing he expressed an opinion that is open to great doubt, for the following reasons:

1. Cambridge is usually considered to have been the Roman station Camboritum.

2. The name Grantabricge does not occur in the 'Saxon Chronicle' before the year 875, more than four centuries after the departure of the Romans.

3. There are no intermediate forms through which we can trace the change from Granta to Canta. In Lysons's 'Magna Britannia' it is stated that the name of the village of Grantchester, near Cambridge, is written in Domesday and other ancient records Gransete, Graunsete, Grauntesethe. The chief change apparent here is where the t or te is wanting in the termination. In a map published in the same work the river is named Gran. Cambridge is named Grentebridge in Domesday, the same as the Saxon name, with a slight change in the orthography.

4. In the country between Grantchester and Trumpington, but a little to the south of both places, there is a farm bearing the name Cantalupe. This is also the name of the manor in which Kentish Town is situated. In the latter case it has been also written Cantelowes and Cantlers, but the name

Cantalupo occurs in Italy in two places, viz., the small village of Cantalupo, near Alessandria, in North Italy, and the town of Cantalupo, province of Campobasso, South Italy. These may be the sources of the name; at least, they prove that Canta is not nececessarily to be traced to Granta, but may have had a quite independent origin. There are other names in which Canta or Cante can be found as a prefix, but I have limited the references to those in which both prefix and postfix agree with the name of the Cambridgeshire farm. The name Kentish Town (Kentisseton) in the London Manor suggests the possibility of an early connexion with Kent (Cantium).

5. Is it quite certain that the suffix in Cantabrigia means bridge? That it may have been so interpreted or misinterpreted by the Teutonic population I do not deny. There was in some ancient place-names in Spain the suffix briga, e. g., Flaviobriga (Bilbao), Juliobriga (Logroño), another Juliobriga near the sources of the Ebro, and Segobriga (Segorbe). Briga cannot mean bridge in the Latin languages, but I find in Neuman's 'Dictionary' that Old Spanish Briga=población, population, denoting the state of a place in reference to the number of its population. It may, therefore, be that the name Cantabrigia had no reference either to the river or its bridge.

There are some reasons for the inference that
before it was Celtic or Roman.
Cambridge was the seat of an Iberian colony
B. H. L.

GRIMALKIN. This familiar name is explained in Nares's 'Glossary' as,—

"Grey malkin, a name for a fiend, supposed to resemble a grey cat,

Grimalkin's a hell cat, the devil may choke her. Ballad of Alley Croker.' Prof. Skeat, in his Etymological Dictionary,' ment their conclusions with the following quotaremarks that he is probably right. May I suppletion

Have you ere seen upon the tiles,
When Moon on tops of Houses smiles,
Two great boar-cats, with sparkling eyes,
Look each on other, while the prize,
Grey Maulkin, couches in their sight,
So Trojans now brim full of spite
Wish that the ships and men also
Might rather to the Devil go.

Maronides; or, Virgil Travesty,' 1673, bk. v. p. 36. diminutive of Mary; but Prof. Skeat, in the SuppleThe usual explanation of malkin is that it is a ment to his 'Dictionary,' says that it is certainly a diminutive of Maud. The above spelling seems

to corroborate this conclusion.

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

A WELSH CELEBRITY.-"Gallant little Wales " shows up well in this year of grace 1892, in consequence of the Lord Mayor of the City of London being a Welshman, and it occurred to me, on seeing

folks, if not indeed aristocrats, at the fair. To marriage register, as it would give (1) the first come down to the present century, in Tennyson's name of Mr. Howard, (2) ditto of Miss Whitbread, "Talking Oak,' first published in 1842, Olivia's and (3) the date of the marriage. Any one of father, mother, and brother, who are certainly of these three items would be welcome, and I should what is called a "good family," are represented, be willing to pay a little for the quest for them. EDWIN RANSOM. the two gentlemen riding, the lady driving, to the Can you guide or help me? Bedford. Would not fair held in the neighbouring town. 66 scorn the the county families in these days haction" of attending a country town fair? Are there still fairs in France; and do the upper classes attend them? I ought to say that I am not certain that la foire in L'Avare' is exactly what we mean by a fair. What was "la théâtre de la Foire," for which, I think, Le Sage wrote some of his minor plays? JONATHAN BOUCHIER.

MRS. CLAY.-Could any reader give me any information about a Mrs. Clay, who died in the latter part of the last, or early in this century, and was reputed to have been 106 years of age? D. W. BARRETT.

The Rectory, Barnet.

IRISH SILVER.-I shall be much obliged if you or any of your correspondents can give me any help as to Irish silver, made in Cork, and marked only with the maker's initials and the word "Sterling." Cripps knows nothing about the plate in question. Can any one tell me the names and dates of the various makers who followed this unusual plan? A. C.

HUTTON ABBEY CARTULARY. Can any of your readers tell me where any of the old Hutton books are, and in whose possession? Eighteen years ago I saw one of these books, containing information about the various grants made to the abbots and monks of Hutton, together with lists of the names of the people for whose souls the grants were made. I cannot find out where this book now is. G. A. SNEYD.

"ULLORXAL."-What on earth is the meaning of this strange word, which occurs twice at least in DR. B. NICHOLSON'S Shakespearian communication on pp. 203, 204? I am not ashamed to own that I never saw the word till now. E. WALFORD, M.A.

Ventnor.

DE

'L'ART DE PRENDRE UN CROQUIS ET L'UTILISER,' par G. Fraipont.-Has this useful M. little book been translated into English? Fraipont is the author of some six similar works, 'L'Art de Peindre les Paysages,' &c. Are they only to be read in French? H. G. GRIFFINHOOFE.

34, St. Petersburg Place, W.

LETTERS OF LEGITIMATION.-Some time ago I came across the following record: "Regina, &c., dedit literas legitimationis Alexandro et Willelmo bastardis, filiis naturalibus Alexandri," &c., and immediately jumped to the conclusion that these letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, had the effect of legitimating the two persons mentioned. Turning, however, to Tomlin's Law Dictionary' (third edition, 1820) I find this explanation :—

"There is also a species of legitimation by letters of legitimation given by the Sovereign. These, however, affect only the rights of the Crown in regard to the succession to the bastard, but do not give him a legitimation which may enable him to claim as one lawfully

born."

This does not explain very clearly the object of these letters, and certainly does not give a reason for the base-born children moving for them. Can any Scotch reader of N. & Q.' tell me the precise legal effect of letters of legitimation; and whether, under any circumstances, a bastard holding such letters would be described as "son natural and heir" of his father; and why the term "son natural and heir" should be substituted for "son and SCOT. apparent heir"?

WHITBREAD FAMILY.-As an amateur genealogist I compiled last year a table of the Whitbread family. There is a missing link" in that table which I should much like to supply, especially in connexion with the approaching inauguration of the Howard statue in our market-place, the centenary memorial to the philanthropist. He was second cousin to the statesman, the second Samuel HUNGERFORD: AUDLEY.-I shall feel obliged Whitbread, and left his estate to the Whitbreads. John Howard's grandfather married one of the for any notes respecting the descent of Anthony seven daughters of William and Lettice Whit- Hungerford, Esq., of Farley Castle, co. Somerset. bread, of Cardington, all of whose birth registers His daughter Sarah married Sir John Carew, third I have found there. The date of this marriage baronet. Also information respecting the dewas probably between 1675 and 1700. The issue scendants of Sir George Hungerford, of Cadenof this marriage, who was father to the philan- ham, co. Wilts. He married Frances, youngest thropist, is merely mentioned as "upholsterer "daughter of Charles Seymour, second Baron Seyin "West Smithfield” and a Nonconformist. He mour, of Troubridge. In Col. Vivian's ‘Visitation died 1742, his son John being about sixteen. The of the County of Devon,' p. 455, under “Hatch," missing link would be completely supplied by the he says that Robert Hatche, of Wolleigh, who died