ander of Carne, co. Wexford, but I take MR.
SALTER'S meaning to be that the animal in this
position does not appear on any shield of arms
other than that of Gall.
J. BAGNALL.
Water Orton.

SWANSWICK (8th S. i. 495; ii. 177, 199, 235).At the second reference Swanage is stated to be a corruption of Swanswick (sic). Would it not be more correct to say that it is the modern way of spelling the name of the place, which in Queen Elizabeth's time, and even later, I believe, was spelled Swanwick? According to the local history, edited by John Braye, there were salt-pits on the Isle of Purbeck, when the Domesday Book Survey

was made.

L. L. K.

ARNE PORTRAITS (8th S. ii. 287).-Portraits of Arne were painted and drawn by Dunkerton, E. F. Burney, Bartolozzi, and Rowlandson; the last is in my possession. Engravings are numer. ous, amongst them those by Humphrey, Rhodes, Adlard, and Heath.

W. H. CUMMINGS.

"BUFFETIER" AS AN ENGLISH WORD (8th S. ii. 25, 74, 154, 194, 256).—Yes, it is quite certain that buffet existed in French long before 1718"before 1485, indeed, though DR. BREWER speaks without book when he says it meant a sideboard; and no one can doubt that Henry VII. knew the word well. But who has yet adduced an atom of evidence to show that "nothing can be more probable than that he should call his yeomen of the palace his buffeteers"? Is there, indeed, any evidence to show that members of the guard who attended this king at dinner were stationed at the "buffet "-whatever and wherever it was-instead

of beside his person, or carried dishes instead of guarding his body? More than a hundred years later, namely, in 1598, we hear of Queen Elizabeth dining in public, when "the dinner was served by the Yeomen of the Guard." But this fact is not considered by Pegge ('Curialia,' iii. 30) as evidence that "it was the Province of the Yeomen of the Guard ab origine to carry up the Royal Dinner,' this being, he says, "the first time I have had the Opportunity of observing it." No one, I suppose, has investigated more fully than Pegge the history of the "beef-fed guard"; and he thrusts aside the buffetier etymology, on the ground that "they never had any Connection with the ancient Cup-board, or the more modern Beaufet, which was always kept by an Officer of superior Rank, viz. a Gentleman Usher-an Esquire of the Body." The assertors of this absurd etymology require us to believe very strange things. According to them, Henry VII. nicknamed his yeomen buffeteers as soon as he put upon them the mythical duty of waiting at the "buffet." Yet it is not until 1670, *Rolliad,' ed. Dublin, 1796, p. 166. The epithet has escaped the N, E. D.'

close upon two hundred years later, that we meet not with the original nickname, but with its corruption, beef eater, and not until nearly fifty years later still that we find mention in English of the very piece of furniture assumed to have given origin to buffeteer. A nickname bestowed with such illustrious license, used daily with such freedom as to become oddly corrupted, and yet scrupulously kept a palace secret for nearly two centuries, is a marvellous contradiction of common experience, nicknames having a tendency to spread like wildfire. And we must remember that the yeomen of the guard were continually before the public eye, attracting attention by their novelty and their gigantic stature as well as by their remarkable costume. Probably, as Pegge observes, Henry VII. never detached his guard of yeomen from his person; but in the time of Henry VIII. many of them lodged in the suburbs. Pegge mentions one, named Barlow, dwelling at Shoreditch, who on occasion of his grand shooting in an archery match was named by the bluff monarch Duke of Shoreditch; and the forty-second of Rastell's 'Hundred Mery Talys,' printed in 1526, is about a yoman of the kynges gard dwellyng in a vyllage and who cuts a most contemptible figure, eliciting besyde london [who] had a very fayre yonge wyfe," the scornful remark that "the greatest crakers somtyme whan it cometh to the profe be moste cowardys": in other words, the biggest boasters are not the readiest buffeters. Yet for all their moving about in this way among the populace, and incurring obloquy as I have just shown, no evidence of their possession of the sobriquet meets us until ten years after the Restoration.

beef' is simply ridiculous, unless beef as a diet In saying that "to call a few yeomen 'eaters of was restricted to them," DR. BREWER, besides making a misleading use of "few," overlooks their exceptional position as palace servants, and assumes as a certainty that the nickname was bestowed upon them merely as servants, i.e, eaters of their master's food. But, in spite of PROF. SKEAT'S eater illustrations, this assumption is far from certain. It is remarkable that the sobriquet first appears at a period when the yeomen, reinstated by Charles II., engaged public attention with had been two hundred, but in 1668 this was something of their pristine novelty. Their number. reduced to a hundred, and they were remodelled, stout, and strong men should be taken into the provision being made that in future none but tall, corps. The gigantic stature of the men, specially noted by Hentzner on his visit to the Court in 1598, was surely calculated at any time to raise comparisons with Hercules; but it may have been reserved for the brilliant wits of the Restoration to endow them with a name purposely meant to translate such epithets of Hercules as Bovpayos and βουθοίνης. It may be objected that the

"The buffet was the court-cupboard, in France termed also the credence, and under this a low stool without a back might be placed, but for what purpose does not appear."

Skinner gives :—

66

Buffet-stole, vox agro Linc. usitatissima, est autem sella levior portatilis, sine ullo cubitorum aut dorsi fulcro, credo parum deflexo seusu a G. buffet, mensa; meneæ enim vicem satis commode supplere potest."

It seems reasonable to suppose that buffet stool is a stool which is somehow used in connexion with a buffet, for why should stool be added if buffet itself meant a stool? At vol. iii. p. 420 of The Paston Letters,' edited by J. Gairdner, in an "" are inventory, "ii. scanna vocata buffet stoles mentioned. Roquefort, in his Glossaire de la Langue Romane, gives buffet, and explains the word as dressoir, crédence. The use of a buffet stool, which could be set under a dresser, if necessary, is quite understandable.

The following passage seems to corroborate PROF. SKEAT's explanation of the origin of beef

eater:

That thou wilt be pleas'd to look on the grief
Of the King's old servants, and send them relief,
Restore to the Yeomen o' th' Guard chines of beef;
Te rogamus audi nos.

"The Old Protestant's Litany,' 1647, W. W.
Wilkins's 'Political Ballads,' vol. i. p. 60.
F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.
Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Sidney
Lee. Vol. XXXII. Lambe-Leigh. (Smith, Elder
& Co.)

IN a volume of the 'Dictionary of National Biography'
which includes few names of highest interest and im-
portance, the most considerable name from the literary
standpoint is that, perhaps, of Walter Savage Landor.
This biography is in the hands of the ex-editor, who
gives an animated account of Landor's brilliant and
perverse nature and stormy career. Mr. Stephen's ver-
dicts always repay study. It is interesting accordingly,
to find him speaking of Landor as "for nearly ninety
years a typical English public school boy, full of humour,

obstinacy, and Latin verse, and equally full of generous
impulses, chivalrous sentiment, and power of enjoyment."
Mr. Stephen also deals with Bennett Langton, the friend
of Johnson, and William Law, the author of The
Serious Call. No name of primary importance is taken
by the editor, who, however, deals with the two Gerard
Langbaines. The elder, of whom we know little, after a
sufficiently stormy career, died the year following the
birth of his more distinguished son, the author of 'An
Account of the English Dramatic Poets.' The infor-
mation supplied by Mr. Lee as to the annotated copies
of this work in the British Museum leads to the hope
that one, at least, may be printed. The French neglected
to do so in the case of Colletet, and the destruction of
his MSS. was the regrettable consequence. It is pleasant
to find Mr. Lee defending Langbaine from the charges
of Sir Walter Scott, who, with more anger than judg-
ment, spoke of his malignant assiduity, and of D'Israeli,
who said that Langbaine " read poetry only to detect
plagiarism." Of William Landor, the literary forger,
a good account is supplied, in which we find the state-
ment that an apology for his frauds remains in MS.
Robert Laneham, who described the Kenilworth festi-
vities, is also in Mr. Lee's hands. A more important
life is that of Nathaniel Lee, the dramatist, who resembles
Shakspeare's contemporaries "in their barbaric extra-
vagances rather than in their rich vein of poetry." John
Lambert-" honest John Lambert," as he was known-
is the subject of a picturesque biography by Mr. C. H.
To the royal cause Lambert, though he had
Firth.
taken no part in the king's trial, had been "politically
more harmful," Mr. Firth holds, than most of his asso-
ciates. Marmaduke Langdale, first Lord Langdale, is
also in the same competent hands. The Rev. William
Hunt deals with Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, the son of
Henry III. He is described as "religious, gay, and
pleasant in disposition, open-handed, and a popular com-
mander." Lanfranc goes, by right, to the same writer,
as does Edward Lee, Archbishop of York. Other eccle-
siastics are in the hands of Canon Venables, who has a
specially excellent life of Thomas Lamplugh, Arch-
bishop of York. The bright career, so sadly closed, of
Letitia Elizabeth Landon is sympathetically treated by
Dr. Garnett. To Mr. Russell Barker many important
biographies are assigned, among the most important
being John George Lambton, the first Lord Durham,
and Edward Law, first Lord Ellenborough. Lane, the
translator of 'The Arabian Nights,' is ably and sympa-
thetically treated by Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole. A life
not, of course, to be overlooked is that of Archbishop
Laud, brilliantly narrated by Mr. Samuel Rawson Gar-
diner. Miss Kate Norgate writes the lives of the brothers
Simon and Stephen Langton, Mr. James Gairdner
supplies the memoir of Latimer, Mr. Hamilton that of
Lord Laurence, and Mr. Cosmo Monkhouse that of Sir
Thomas Lawrence. Layamon, of Brut,' finds an un-
surpassable biographer in Prof. J. W. Hales. Happily
for the Dictionary,' Prof. J. K. Laughton still looks
after the sailors. Mr. Lionel Cust. Mr. J. M. Rigg,
Mr. Thomas Bayne, Miss Bradley, Dr. Norman Moore,
Mr. H. R. Tedder, and Mr. Austin Dobson are among
those whose names are always sought in successive
volumes.

Indian Fairy Tales. Selected and Edited by Joseph
Jacobs. (Nutt.)
THE new volume of the editor of Folk-Lore is [a com-
panion to the English Fairy Tales' and the Celtic
Fairy Tales' of the same able and indefatigable collector,
and is, like them, illustrated quaintly and poetically
by Mr. J. D. Batten. During the last twenty or thirty
years close attention has been paid to the folk-tales of

320

India, in which scholars have agreed to find the cradle-
land of folk-creeds. Of the representative stories now
given few, accordingly, are new to the student. They
are published, however, in a form that commends them
to the omnivorous appetite of youth, that will satisfy
the most exacting appetite of the bibliophile, and gives
them fresh attractions even to the folk-lore student, who
will find in Mr. Jacobs's "Notes and References" an
inexhaustible fund of information. Many of the stories
now given belong to the class of Jatakas, or birth-stories,
of Buddha, the relationship of which to the Esopic fables
Mr. Jacobs has shown in his introduction to Caxton's
Esop,' on which we have already dwelt. In the
vitality in India through all recorded time of animism,
or metempsychosis, we see the presumable explanation
of the language assigned to animals. In Western
countries the idea of the speech of animals survives,
and is even of potent influence. In the country in which
the "atmosphere of metempsychosis" prevailed it is
natural to seek the origin. While assigning unquestion-
ably to India the origin of beast-tales and most of the
drolls, Mr. Jacobs holds that evidence concerning the
more serious fairy tales, though it is increasing with
the publication of fresh collections of folk-tales, is not
To the
yet sufficiently strong to warrant a conclusion.
fables themselves, Indian in origin, and to the lessons of
kindness to animals universally inculcated in Indian
stories might probably be traced the wonderful progress
that has been made in recent years in the treatment of
domestic animals. The study, which runs parallel with
that of folk-lore, would not be without interest or attrac-
tion. In Ivory City and Fairy Princess' a curious
trait of Eastern manners is shown in the manner in
which the princess seeks, through jealousy, to poison the
friend of her husband. Among the more imaginative
The Boy who had a Moon on his Forehead
stories are
and a Star on his Chin,' Raja Rasalu,' and 'The Son of
Seven Queens.' Mr. Jacobs is a delightful companion
into a land of enchantment, and his successive books are
treasures.

Guide to Printed Books and MSS. relating to English
and Foreign Heraldry and Genealogy. By George
Gatfield, (Mitchell & Hughes.)

THE three hundred copies to which Mr. Gatfield's useful
compilation is limited are sure to be speedily absorbed,
and the work, indispensable to all students of genealogy,
will soon become a rarity. The volume, which is given
to the world with no preface nor introduction, though,
happily, with a full index, cannot contain fewer than
fourteen thousand separate entries, of which somewhat
fewer than a sixth refer to continental countries and
America. As a very large proportion both of heraldic
and genealogical collections remains in MS., the import-
ance of this catalogue is at once evident. Of nineteen
entries on the first page, twelve are concerned with
MSS. in the British Museum or the Ashmolean Library,
while one deals with a subject in N. & Q.' English
counties occupy pages 117 to 198, Ireland, Scotland,
Wales, British Islands, and the West Indies being
assigned special headings, as are parish registers, wills,
sepulchral monuments, and the like. Family histories,
pedigrees, and peerage cases are arranged in alphabetical
order, and constitute necessarily a large and an important
portion of the undertaking. The principles of arrange-
ment in the early portion of the volume we fail to grasp.
Much time and labour have been expended upon a work
which makes direct and successful appeal to all engaged
in heraldic and genealogical pursuits.

Missing Friends: being the Adventures of a Danish
Emigrant in Queensland, 1781-1880. (Fisher Unwin.)
Nor the least interesting volumes of the "Adventure

Series" of Mr. Fisher Unwin are the works dealing with
recent adventure, of which a second now appears. The
nameless hero of the present work underwent dangers
and difficulties less romantic, it may be, but not
less real than those recorded in most chronicles of
adventures by sea or land. Again and again he carried
his life in his hand. The sincerity and truth of the
whole carry conviction, nor is the record less stirring
because, as the writer says, they could be paralleled in
the experience of innumerable colonists. It is to be
trusted he will take heart, and, even if he has to sacrifice
his anonymity, give us his concluding experience. The
present volume, like its predecessors, is illustrated.
Beljame. (Hachette.)
Enoch Arden. Traduit en Prose Français. Par A.
lisher.)
Enoch Arden. Texte Anglais. (Same author and pub-
AN admirable prose translation of the Laureate's poem,
by M. Beljame, known to readers of N. & Q.,' is here
published with the English text on the opposite page.
Prose, since the days when Heine translated his own
Not wholly equivalent to
Mais il
Reisebilder,' has been accepted as the recognized form
of translation into French.
the two most famous lines in the poem is
entendait les cris des oiseaux de mer tournoyant par
myriades, la vague immense qui tonnait en déferlant sur
les récifs," but such lines are untranslatable from any
one language into any other.

An edition of the English text, with illustrative notes and a study of Tennyson, will be of great service in France, and is not unwelcome here.

VOL. IV. of The Poetical Works of Shelley has appeared in the "Aldine" series. Containing, as it does, Adonais,' Hellas,' 'Julian and Maddalo,' Peter Bell the Third,' and The Witch of Atlas,' with many other posthumous poems, all with prefaces, it is of paramount interest.

WITH the appearance of Vols. X., XI., and XII., containing Don Juan,' the Bijou Byron (Griffith, Farran & Co.) is concluded. A pleasanter and handier edition, more convenient for the hand or the coat-pocket, does not exist.

Notices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices:
ON all communications must be written the name and

address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but
as a guarantee of good faith.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate."

W. F. IRVINE.-1. ("Wirral.") See 6th S. ix. 248, 338. -2. ("Meols.") See Index to First Series.

J. G. ("Bracebridge Hall ").-Shall be glad of information.

.

HOLLY ("Lynx-eyed ").-See 7th S. xi. 7, 210, 251, 438; xii. 94.

NOTICE.
Editorial Communications should be addressed to" The
Editor of Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and
Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office,
Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.

We beg leave to state that we decline to return com. munications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception.

Binding for the Trade-SHELLEY, 81, Carter-lane, Broadway, Ludgate THE LARK: Songs, Ballads, and Recitations.