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thing about the mark "sterling," which was an old Cork mark. Mr. Cripps gives also facsimiles of the two Cork marks.

Owing to the condition of the roads in Ireland in former times, and the liability of robbery, plate could not well be sent to Dublin to be hall-marked, therefore many Irish country towns adopted marks of their own. The Cork Guild adopted the city arms-a ship between two castles-in three marks (as represented in Cripps). This was changed in the early part of the next century for the mark "sterling," which continued to be used up to the close of the eighteenth century. The city marks were always accompanied by the makers' marks.

My information is chiefly gathered from Mr. Robert Day, F.S. A., of Cork, who has made the subject a special study, and I would refer your correspondent to papers by Mr. Day in the Journal of the Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland, Nos. 46, 65, 79, and 81, which more or less treat of the subject; also to the catalogue of silver plate formed by Mr. R. Day, and sold by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge in

1888.

out to take away the Cats. The like may be sayd of the flesh of cats, which can sildome be free from poyson, by reason of their daily foode eating Rats and Mice, Wrens and other birds which feede on poyson, and aboue all the braine of a cat is most venomous, for it being aboue measure dry, stoppeth the animall spirits, that they cannot passe into the ventricle, by reason whereof memory faileth, and the infected person falleth into a phrenzy. .....But a cat doth as much harme with her venemous teeth......When a child bath gotten the haire of a cat into his mouth, it hath so clouen and stucke to the place that it could not be gotten off again, and hath in that place bred either the wens or the kings euill: to conclude this point it appeareth that this is a dangerous beast, and that therfore as for necessity we are constrained to nourish them for the suppressing of small vermine: so with a wary and discret eie we must auoyde their harmes, making more account of their vse then of their persons."-Ed. 1608, p. 106.

As two black cats are special favourites of mine, Mr. Topsell's remarks sound rather libellous to me. J. F. MANSERGH.

Liverpool.

SNEEZING (8th S. i. 106).—The practice of saying "God bless you!" whenever a person sneezes must be widespread indeed when we find a I lately discovered on a chalice at Fethard similar salutation, Mbuka! (lit. =live!) obtaining Church, co. Tipperary, a mark, in three stamps, amongst the Fijians of the South Pacific, a race of two castles between the initials E. R., divided developed by the blending of the Malayo-Polyby what one would call in heraldry a Dutch fleur-nesians with the Papuans, the Fiji group being de-lys. The style of this chalice is of the early the borderland between the two. It has been said part of the seventeenth century, circa 1620. Mr. by a London physician that one is nearer death R. Day, F.S.A., is of opinion that it is certainly at the actual moment of sneezing than at any other a Cork mark, and the earliest that has come under period of one's life. Herein, perhaps, lies the his notice. He accounts for the absence of the reason for the kindly wish, and may account for ship by the fact that the workmen often used the the prevalent idea that it is dangerous to interrupt castle stamp twice and forgot the ship. a person in the act of sneezing. J. S. UDAL. Fiji.

ARTHUR VICARS.

CATS POISONOUS (7th S. xi. 447; xii. 31; 8th S. ii. 67, 154).—That a cat's breath is poisonous is, I fancy, a somewhat widely prevalent idea. In regard to "what harmes and perils come vnto men by cats, Topsell ('Hist. of Fovre-footed Beastes') tells us :

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"It is most certaine that the breath and sauour of cats consume the radicall humour and destroy the lungs, and therefore they which keepe their cats with them in their beds have the aire corrupted and fall into feuer hectickes and consumptions. There was a certaine company off Monkes much giuen to nourish and play with Cattes, whereby they were so infected, that within a short space none of them were able either to say, reade, pray or sing, in all the Monastery: and therefore also they are dangerous in the time of pestilence, for they are not onely apt to bring home venomous infection, but to poyson a man with very looking vpon him; wherefore there is in some men a naturall dislike and abhorring of cats, their natures being so composed, that not onely when they see them, but being neere them and vnseene, and hid of purpose, they fall into passions, fretting, sweating, pulling off their hats, and trembling fearefully, as I haue knowne many in Germany; the reason whereof is, because the constellation which threatneth their bodies which is peculiar to euery man, worketh by the presence and offence of these creatures: and therefore they haue cryed

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KNIGHTS MADE BY CAVENDISH, DUKE OF NEWCASTLE (8th S. ii. 27, 218).-MR. WALFORD is, of course, right. My query should have read "the latest instance in England." It is well known that the Lords Lieutenant, the Lords Deputy, or the Lords Justices of Ireland, have from the earliest times exercised the right of conferring knighthood, as the representatives of the sovereign in the sister isle. W. D. PINK.

HERALDIC (8th S. ii. 168, 232).-In 'Anecdotes of Heraldry,' by C. N. Elvin, a bear sejant erect proper is mentioned as the original crest of Alex

ander of Carne, co. Wexford, but I take MR.
SALTER'S meaning to be that the animal in this
position does not appear on any shield of arms
J. BAGNALL.
other than that of Gall.
Water Orton.

Would it not

SWANSWICK (8th S. i. 495; ii. 177, 199, 235). At the second reference Swanage is stated to be a corruption of Swanswick (sic). be more correct to say that it is the modern way of spelling the name of the place, which in Queen Elizabeth's time, and even later, I believe, was spelled Swanwick? According to the local history, edited by John Braye, there were salt-pits on the Isle of Purbeck, when the Domesday Book Survey

was made.

L. L. K.

close upon two hundred years later, that we meet not with the original nickname, but with its corruption, beef eater, and not until nearly fifty years later still that we find mention in English of the very piece of furniture assumed to have given origin to buffeteer. A nickname bestowed with such illustrious license, used daily with such freedom as to become oddly corrupted, and yet centuries, is a marvellous contradiction of common scrupulously kept a palace secret for nearly two experience, nicknames having a tendency to spread like wildfire. And we must remember that the yeomen of the guard were continually before the public eye, attracting attention by their novelty and their gigantic stature as well as by their remarkable costume. Probably, as Pegge observes, Henry VII. never detached his guard of yeomen from his person; but in the time of Henry VIII. many of them lodged in the suburbs. Pegge mentions one, named Barlow, dwelling at Shoreditch, who on occasion of his grand shooting in an archery match was named by the bluff monarch Duke of Shoreditch; and the forty-second of Rastell's 'Hundred Mery Talys,' printed in 1526, is about "BUFFETIER" AS AN ENGLISH WORD (8th S. ii. a yoman of the kynges gard dwellyng in a vyllage 25, 74, 154, 194, 256).-Yes, it is quite certain that « besyde london [who] had a very fayre yonge wyfe," buffet "existed in French long before 1718"before 1485, indeed, though DR. BREWER speaks and who cuts a most contemptible figure, eliciting without book when he says it meant a sideboard; the scornful remark that "the greatest crakers and no one can doubt that Henry VII. knew the somtyme whan it cometh to the profe be moste word well. But who has yet adduced an atom of cowardys": in other words, the biggest boasters evidence to show that "nothing can be more pro-are not the readiest buffeters. Yet for all their bable than that he should call his yeomen of the palace his buffeteers"? Is there, indeed, any evidence to show that members of the guard who attended this king at dinner were stationed at the "buffet "-whatever and wherever it was-instead

ARNE PORTRAITS (8th S. ii. 287).-Portraits of
Arne were painted and drawn by Dunkerton,
E. F. Burney, Bartolozzi, and Rowlandson; the
Engravings are numer.
last is in my possession.
ous, amongst them those by Humphrey, Rhodes,
W. H. CUMMINGS.
Adlard, and Heath.

of beside his person, or carried dishes instead of guarding his body? More than a hundred years later, namely, in 1598, we hear of Queen Elizabeth dining in public, when "the dinner was served by

the Yeomen of the Guard."

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But this fact is not considered by Pegge ('Curialia,' iii. 30) as evidence that "it was the Province of the Yeomen of the Guard ab origine to carry up the Royal Dinner,' this being, he says, "the first time I have had the Opportunity of observing it." No one, I suppose, has investigated more fully than Pegge the history of the "beef-fed guard"; and he thrusts aside the buffetier etymology, on the ground that they never had any Connection with the ancient Cup-board, or the more modern Beaufet, which was always kept by an Officer of superior Rank, viz. a Gentleman Usher-an Esquire of the Body." The assertors of this absurd etymology require us to believe very strange things. According to them, Henry VII. nicknamed his yeomen buffeteers as soon as he put upon them the mythical duty of waiting at the "buffet." Yet it is not until 1670,

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Rolliad,' ed. Dublin, 1796, p. 166. The epithet has escaped the N, E. D.'

moving about in this way among the populace, and incurring obloquy as I have just shown, no evidence of their possession of the sobriquet meets us until ten years after the Restoration.

In saying that "to call a few yeomen 'eaters of beef' is simply ridiculous, unless beef as a diet was restricted to them," DR. BREWER, besides making a misleading use of "few," overlooks their exceptional position as palace servants, and assumes as a certainty that the nickname was bestowed master's food. But, in spite of PROF. SKEAT'S upon them merely as servants, i.e, eaters of their eater illustrations, this assumption is far from certain. It is remarkable that the sobriquet first appears at a period when the yeomen, reinstated by Charles II., engaged public attention with something of their pristine novelty. Their number had been two hundred, but in 1668 this was reduced to a hundred, and they were remodelled, provision being made that in future none but tall, stout, and strong men should be taken into the

corps.

The gigantic stature of the men, specially noted by Hentzner on his visit to the Court in 1598, was surely calculated at any time to raise comparisons with Hercules; but it may have been reserved for the brilliant wits of the Restoration to endow them with a name purposely meant to translate such epithets of Hercules as Bovpayos and βουθοίνης. It may be objected that the

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"The buffet was the court-cupboard, in France termed also the credence, and under this a low stool without a back might be placed, but for what purpose does not appear."

Skinner gives :—

66

Buffet-stole, vox agro Linc. usitatissima, est autem sella levior portatilis, sine ullo cubitorum aut dorsi fulcro, credo parum deflexo seusu a G. buffet, mensa; meneæ enim vicem satis commode supplere potest."

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It seems reasonable to suppose that buffet stool is a stool which is somehow used in connexion with a buffet, for why should stool be added if buffet itself meant a stool? At vol. iii. p. 420 of The Paston Letters,' edited by J. Gairdner, in an "" are inventory, "ii. scanna vocata buffet stoles mentioned. Roquefort, in his Glossaire de la Langue Romane, gives buffet, and explains the word as dressoir, crédence. The use of a buffet stool, which could be set under a dresser, if necessary, is quite understandable.

The following passage seems to corroborate PROF. SKEAT's explanation of the origin of beef

eater:

That thou wilt be pleas'd to look on the grief
Of the King's old servants, and send them relief,
Restore to the Yeomen o' th' Guard chines of beef;
Te rogamus audi nos.

"The Old Protestant's Litany,' 1647, W. W.
Wilkins's 'Political Ballads,' vol. i. p. 60.
F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.
Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Sidney
Lee. Vol. XXXII. Lambe-Leigh. (Smith, Elder
& Co.)

IN a volume of the 'Dictionary of National Biography'
which includes few names of highest interest and im-
portance, the most considerable name from the literary
standpoint is that, perhaps, of Walter Savage Landor.
This biography is in the hands of the ex-editor, who
gives an animated account of Landor's brilliant and
perverse nature and stormy career. Mr. Stephen's ver-
dicts always repay study. It is interesting accordingly,
to find him speaking of Landor as "for nearly ninety
years a typical English public school boy, full of humour,

obstinacy, and Latin verse, and equally full of generous
impulses, chivalrous sentiment, and power of enjoyment."
Mr. Stephen also deals with Bennett Langton, the friend
of Johnson, and William Law, the author of The
Serious Call. No name of primary importance is taken
by the editor, who, however, deals with the two Gerard
Langbaines. The elder, of whom we know little, after a
sufficiently stormy career, died the year following the
birth of his more distinguished son, the author of 'An
Account of the English Dramatic Poets.' The infor-
mation supplied by Mr. Lee as to the annotated copies
of this work in the British Museum leads to the hope
that one, at least, may be printed. The French neglected
to do so in the case of Colletet, and the destruction of
his MSS. was the regrettable consequence. It is pleasant
to find Mr. Lee defending Langbaine from the charges
of Sir Walter Scott, who, with more anger than judg-
ment, spoke of his malignant assiduity, and of D'Israeli,
who said that Langbaine " read poetry only to detect
plagiarism." Of William Landor, the literary forger,
a good account is supplied, in which we find the state-
ment that an apology for his frauds remains in MS.
Robert Laneham, who described the Kenilworth festi-
vities, is also in Mr. Lee's hands. A more important
life is that of Nathaniel Lee, the dramatist, who resembles
Shakspeare's contemporaries "in their barbaric extra-
vagances rather than in their rich vein of poetry." John
Lambert-" honest John Lambert," as he was known-
is the subject of a picturesque biography by Mr. C. H.
To the royal cause Lambert, though he had
Firth.
taken no part in the king's trial, had been "politically
more harmful," Mr. Firth holds, than most of his asso-
ciates. Marmaduke Langdale, first Lord Langdale, is
also in the same competent hands. The Rev. William
Hunt deals with Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, the son of
Henry III. He is described as "religious, gay, and
pleasant in disposition, open-handed, and a popular com-
mander." Lanfranc goes, by right, to the same writer,
as does Edward Lee, Archbishop of York. Other eccle-
siastics are in the hands of Canon Venables, who has a
specially excellent life of Thomas Lamplugh, Arch-
bishop of York. The bright career, so sadly closed, of
Letitia Elizabeth Landon is sympathetically treated by
Dr. Garnett. To Mr. Russell Barker many important
biographies are assigned, among the most important
being John George Lambton, the first Lord Durham,
and Edward Law, first Lord Ellenborough. Lane, the
translator of 'The Arabian Nights,' is ably and sympa-
thetically treated by Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole. A life
not, of course, to be overlooked is that of Archbishop
Laud, brilliantly narrated by Mr. Samuel Rawson Gar-
diner. Miss Kate Norgate writes the lives of the brothers
Simon and Stephen Langton, Mr. James Gairdner
supplies the memoir of Latimer, Mr. Hamilton that of
Lord Laurence, and Mr. Cosmo Monkhouse that of Sir
Thomas Lawrence. Layamon, of Brut,' finds an un-
surpassable biographer in Prof. J. W. Hales. Happily
for the Dictionary,' Prof. J. K. Laughton still looks
after the sailors. Mr. Lionel Cust. Mr. J. M. Rigg,
Mr. Thomas Bayne, Miss Bradley, Dr. Norman Moore,
Mr. H. R. Tedder, and Mr. Austin Dobson are among
those whose names are always sought in successive
volumes.

Indian Fairy Tales. Selected and Edited by Joseph
Jacobs. (Nutt.)
THE new volume of the editor of Folk-Lore is [a com-
panion to the English Fairy Tales' and the Celtic
Fairy Tales' of the same able and indefatigable collector,
and is, like them, illustrated quaintly and poetically
by Mr. J. D. Batten. During the last twenty or thirty
years close attention has been paid to the folk-tales of

India, in which scholars have agreed to find the cradleland of folk-creeds. Of the representative stories now given few, accordingly, are new to the student. They are published, however, in a form that commends them to the omnivorous appetite of youth, that will satisfy the most exacting appetite of the bibliophile, and gives them fresh attractions even to the folk-lore student, who will find in Mr. Jacobs's "Notes and References" an inexhaustible fund of information. Many of the stories now given belong to the class of Jatakas, or birth-stories, of Buddha, the relationship of which to the sopic fables Mr. Jacobs has shown in his introduction to Caxton's Esop,' on which we have already dwelt. In the vitality in India through all recorded time of animism, or metempsychosis, we see the presumable explanation of the language assigned to animals. In Western countries the idea of the speech of animals survives, and is even of potent influence. In the country in which the "atmosphere of metempsychosis" prevailed it is natural to seek the origin. While assigning unquestionably to India the origin of beast-tales and most of the drolls, Mr. Jacobs holds that evidence concerning the more serious fairy tales, though it is increasing with the publication of fresh collections of folk-tales, is not yet sufficiently strong to warrant a conclusion. To the fables themselves, Indian in origin, and to the lessons of kindness to animals universally inculcated in Indian stories might probably be traced the wonderful progress that has been made in recent years in the treatment of domestic animals. The study, which runs parallel with that of folk-lore, would not be without interest or attraction. In Ivory City and Fairy Princess a curious trait of Eastern manners is shown in the manner in which the princess seeks, through jealousy, to poison the friend of her husband. Among the more imaginative stories are The Boy who had a Moon on his Forehead and a Star on his Chin,' Raja Rasalu,' and 'The Son of Seven Queens.' Mr. Jacobs is a delightful companion into a land of enchantment, and his successive books are treasures.

Guide to Printed Books and MSS. relating to English and Foreign Heraldry and Genealogy. By George Gatfield, (Mitchell & Hughes.)

THE three hundred copies to which Mr. Gatfield's useful compilation is limited are sure to be speedily absorbed, and the work, indispensable to all students of genealogy, will soon become a rarity. The volume, which is given to the world with no preface nor introduction, though, happily, with a full index, cannot contain fewer than fourteen thousand separate entries, of which somewhat fewer than a sixth refer to continental countries and America. As a very large proportion both of heraldic and genealogical collections remains in MS., the importance of this catalogue is at once evident. Of nineteen entries on the first page, twelve are concerned with MSS. in the British Museum or the Ashmolean Library, while one deals with a subject in N. & Q. English counties occupy pages 117 to 198, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, British Islands, and the West Indies being assigned special headings, as are parish_registers, wills, sepulchral monuments, and the like. Family histories, pedigrees, and peerage cases are arranged in alphabetical order, and constitute necessarily a large and an important portion of the undertaking. The principles of arrangement in the early portion of the volume we fail to grasp. Much time and labour have been expended upon a work which makes direct and successful appeal to all engaged in heraldic and genealogical pursuits.

Missing Friends: being the Adventures of a Danish Emigrant in Queensland, 1781-1880. (Fisher Unwin.) Nor the least interesting volumes of the " Adventure

Series" of Mr. Fisher Unwin are the works dealing with recent adventure, of which a second now appears. The nameless hero of the present work underwent dangers and difficulties less romantic, it may be, but not less real than those recorded in most chronicles of adventures by sea or land. Again and again he carried his life in his hand. The sincerity and truth of the whole carry conviction, nor is the record less stirring because, as the writer says, they could be paralleled in the experience of innumerable colonists. It is to be trusted he will take heart, and, even if he has to sacrifice his anonymity, give us his concluding experience. The present volume, like its predecessors, is illustrated. Enoch Arden. Traduit en Prose Français. Par A. Beljame. (Hachette.) Enoch Arden. Texte Anglais. (Same author and publisher.) AN admirable prose translation of the Laureate's poem, by M. Beljame, known to readers of N. & Q.,' is here published with the English text on the opposite page. Prose, since the days when Heine translated his own Reisebilder,' has been accepted as the recognized form of translation into French. Not wholly equivalent to the two most famous lines in the poem is "Mais il entendait les cris des oiseaux de mer tournoyant par myriades, la vague immense qui tonnait en déferlant sur les récifs," but such lines are untranslatable from any one language into any other.

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An edition of the English text, with illustrative notes and a study of Tennyson, will be of great service in France, and is not unwelcome here.

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VOL. IV. of The Poetical Works of Shelley has appeared in the "Aldine" series. Containing, as it does, Adonais,' Hellas, Julian and Maddalo,'Peter Bell the Third,' and The Witch of Atlas,' with many other posthumous poems, all with prefaces, it is of paramount interest.

WITH the appearance of Vols. X., XI., and XII., containing Don Juan,' the Bijou Byron (Griffith, Farran & Co.) is concluded. A pleasanter and handier edition, more convenient for the hand or the coat-pocket, does not exist,

Notices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and

address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately.

To secure insertion of communications correspondents

must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate."

W. F. IRVINE.-1. ("Wirral.") See 6th S. ix. 248, 338. -2. ("Meols.") See Index to First Series.

J. G. ("Bracebridge Hall ").-Shall be glad of information.

HOLLY ("Lynx-eyed ").-See 7th S. xi. 7, 210, 251, 438;

xii. 94.

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HE

PLATES.-The ADVERTISER, who until lately occupied for many years a responsible position in one of the largest London Publishing Houses. finds it necessary to utilize his knowledge of Heraldry and Heraldic Design-which is very considerable-for the means of living. Has undeniable references as to character and ability, and can adduce as specimens of his work the coats of arms executed by him for Foster's Peerage' and other works. Has access also to special means of information relating to the subject.-Address HERALD, 111, Nightingale-road, Wood Green, N.

BOOKBINDING of EVERY DESCRIPTION

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Binding for the Trade-SHELLEY, 81, Carter-lane, Broadway, Ludgate THE LARK: Songs, Ballads, and Recitations.

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Edited by W. C. BENNETT.

314 Poems (174 Copyright) by 169 English, American, and Continental Poets, among whom are the following:

Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate. Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P. Arnold, Matthew.

of

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For the encouragement of Thrift the Bank receives small sums on deposit, and allows Interest at the rate of THREE PER CENT. per annum on each completed £1. FRANCIS RAVENSCROFT, Manager.

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