Queries. We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct. COURIER. I shall be glad of quotations for this in the sense of travelling servant or valet before 1838. I presume that it has been used ever since Englishmen began to make the grand tour, and that it may be found in eighteenth century books relating thereto. Originally the courier seems to have been simply a rider hired for the stage or for the day, to post in front of the traveller's carriage, engage a relay of horses at the next stage, and arrange for meals and accommodation at inns. When did he become a more permanent employé ? J. A. H. MURRAY. Oxford, BETROTHAL CUSTOMS IN SCOTLAND.-I have come across some new facts about "Highland Mary's" Bible, and mean to publish them by-andby. Will any of your correspondents give me information as to ancient (and probably Celtic) betrothal customs that would throw light on the scene that took place between Burns and Mary Campbell, when they exchanged Bibles, one standing on one side of a brook and the other standing on the other side? ERIC ROBERTSON. United Service Club, Edinburgh. WILLIAM BASSE'S 'POLYHYMNIA.'-Can any one tell me the fate or whereabouts of the MS. that bears this title? It is thus described in Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge's sale catalogue for July, 1868 : "192. Basse (William), Polyhymnia, a Poem, Original Manuscript, with autograph of Lord Norreys, to whose sister this volume is dedicated. Small 4to. (circa 1650)." A note adds that the MS. was sold for 17. 11s. to a Mr. Honnor or Homior (not clearly legible). It is not among those acquired by the British Museum since 1868. The writer, William Basse, is a littleknown poet of the greatest possible interest, whose chief poems, The Pastorals and other Workes,' were by some accident disappointed, like the 'Polyhymnia,' of publication in their author's lifetime. I am at present engaged on an edition of them for Messrs. Ellis & Elvey, of 29, New Bond Street, the possessors of the MS., and have reason to believe that the 'Polyhymnia' might throw light on certain doubtful points the Pastorals' present. I should be greatly obliged to any one who would put me on its track. R. WARWICK BOND. 12, Savoy Buildings, Strand, W.C. VALUE OF THE SHILLING IN THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES.-Will some of your readers kindly inform me what is the present equi FAWLER FAMILY.-Can any one help me to obtain a full pedigree of the Fawler family? Adam de Fauelore (1279), of the Manor of Fauelore, Essinton, and Knyteton, in Berkshire, seems to have been the first of the family of which we have any record. Fauelore Essington is now called Fawler, a hamlet near Eustone, in Berks. Knyteton is still a hamlet near Kingston Lisle, Berks. I want the links between Adam de Fauelore, 1279, and Edward Fawler, A.D. 1616. Are there any descendants of Capt. John Fawler, R.N., who died at Maidstone, 1766, leaving issue John, Thomas, and Mary? J. P. F. LANCASHIRE PEDIGREES.-I should be obliged if any reader could inform me of any MS. collection of pedigrees of Lancashire families of minor importance in any public library in London or elsewhere. I am aware of what has been printed as regards Lancashire. G. W. South Hackney. SOUL: SOAL.-Can any one tell me what viscus it is that one finds adhering to the backbone and soul" In a cookery-book of 1804 I find the word ribs of a roast fowl, and which cooks call "the printed soal. Under directions for trussing a goose, the writer says, "Draw out all the entrails, excepting the soal" (sic). JAYDEE. EARL OF MULGRAVE.-Wanted, any information about the Earl of Mulgrave, who lived at Mulgrave House, Fulham, about the latter part of the last century. Kindly reply direct. CHAS. J. FERET. 49, Edith Road, West Kensington. WATER-COLOUR DRAWING.-I have an old water-colour drawing of, apparently, some almshouses for women, forming three sides of a quadrangle. On the centre house is a large coat of arms, not distinguishable. At the bottom is written in ink, "Queen's Court, Blackfriars." I cannot find such a place in Hatton, Stow, or Maitland. Perhaps some of your readers can help me to identify it. G. F. BLANdford. JOHN PIGOTT.-Would some correspondent of N. & Q'kindly give me a few particulars of John Pigott, Deputy-Governor of Limerick, who died July, 1756; his parentage, to whom married, and his descendants, if any? PIGOTT. ROMNEY'S PICTURE OF CIRCE.-Who painted the animals in Romney's picture of Circe? In the 'Life' of George Romney, written by his son in 1830, we find the following, relative to a delineation of Circe, painted from the lovely face of Emma, Lady Hamilton, in her younger days, now on loan at the Guildhall, London. The Rev. John Romney writes: "Another portrait of her, full length, in the character of Circe, was begun about the same time. It had the same expression of countenance, and was very fascinating, but suffered the fate of many others in never having been finished. The brutes which the enchantress had metamorphosed could not be painted at that time without much personal inconvenience to Mr. Romney, so the picture was set aside. Gilpin was to have painted them afterwards, but from some cause never did. Had any person, however, offered a hundred guineas for it, I have no doubt it would have been completed." This was printed many years after the death of the JUDITH HOWARD.-Who was Judith Howard, sent day? It may date from the days of Queen Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. JAMES, EARL of DerwentwATER.-Who was the author of the verses upon the above, beginning, How mournful feeble nature's hue and ending, Ye pensive mutes tentive on Dilston wait W. A. then "old and infirm," who wrote a letter, yet I have just acquired a rudely drawn old oil paintpreserved, dated "Howard Hall, June 26, 1748"; and where was this Howard Hall in Englanding of Dilston Hall, and therewith a few verses This letter was written to Judith Wood, then six- having a similar rhythm to the 'Deserted Village.' teen years old, a daughter of Peter Wood and his wife Susanna Howard, daughter of "Judith HODGES, OF LEACON HALL, WAREHORNE, Howard, of Howard Hall." This Judith Wood's KENT.-What is the motto of this family? The sister Susan married in Maryland Henry Howard. coat of arms cut on the Hodges tombs and tablets It is alleged that he was a younger son of a Duke at Warehorne Church correspond with those menof Norfolk (?). He had a son and daughter by tioned in Hasted's 'Kent' and with the engravings Susan Wood, his wife, and he and his son died at on my grandfather's seals; but in no case is there sea on their way to England, but the daughter a motto. Is this unusual or incorrect? I am subsequently died at Howard Hall unmarried. It unable to find the original grant of arms, and is alleged that the husband of Judith Howard, of should be glad of any information as to this. My Howard Hall, was William Howard, gent., whose grandfather was the last Hodges who owned the father was James, son of Henry Howard (and estates and inhabited the hall. The property has Elizabeth Barret), third son of Thomas Howard, been disentailed and sold some years since, and created Earl of Suffolk; but the "books" say that the family papers lost or destroyed, consequently I this Henry Howard died young, having had only have only the registers at Warehorne Church to one child Elizabeth (who married Sir John Harpur, guide me, and they do not go back beyond, I think, of Swarkston), and that his widow, aged twenty- 1740, or thereabouts. My late uncle had a peditwo, married William Cavendish, Duke of New-gree compiled at a great expense some years ago, castle. So who was the husband of Judith but I have never been able to trace it. Howard, of Howard Hall? Probably some reader of this, posted in the Howard genealogy, can inform C. H. B. A SON OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.-Can the readers of N. & Q' throw any light on the following paragraph, which appears at p. 143 of the 'Tourist's Illustrated Handbook of Ireland '? me. "We hope tradition speaks 'no scandal against Queen Elizabeth, as the guide points out the grave of Thomas Butler, the putative natural son of her maiden Majesty." The burial ground referred to is that attached to the parish chapel of Carrick-on-Suir. Where else can I find any allusion to Thomas Butler? 71, Brecknock Road. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. THE NAME CLARINDA.-From what source does this name come, one of rare occurrence at the pre A. R. H. WINDMILLS.-When were windmills for grinding corn first used in England; before, or only since the Conquest ? BIS TRIA. SCOTTISH CLANS.-Can you or any of your many readers give me the names of the various Scottish clans and their branches or septs, or refer me to any exhaustive work on the subject? LAMBTON YOUNG. SERJEANTS-AT-ARMS.-I should be glad to know where a list of these temp. Henry V. may be consulted. OCTDO. HUNGARIAN PATRIOTS.-The celebration of Kossuth's ninetieth birthday recalls to the minds of your readers the great Hungarian struggle of 1849. It may not be amiss to inquire whether any of the other principal actors in the scene (the Emperor of Austria could hardly be reckoned as one) are still living. Görgei, I believe, died a few years ago. Was he a hero or a traitor? Archbishop Haynald, of Kalocza, did not play a very prominent part, but he died last year. Andrassy, who became Premier of Austria after having been condemned to death, is gone. Are there any left? What became of the heroines of the revolution, Countess Tekeli, Madame Maderspach, and Miss Heubner? And are any of the Austrian leaders left? Of course many of the less prominent actors remain; but I speak of the leaders. Princes Street, Dublin. JAS. MURPHY. BARTON FAMILY. In the 'Lancashire and Cheshire Records' (Record Society) I find among the special commissions a note to the following effect: "No. 5400. 14 Chas. I. Account of the Charges in conveying Mr. Henry Barton from the Castle of Lancaster to Castle Cornett, Guernsey." Can any reader of 'N. & Q.' put me in the way of obtaining any information respecting this Henry Barton? His offence would, I presume, be political. Is there any way of finding out what became of him? EVERARD BARTON. Bewdley "THE DEVIL'S BOOKS."-What is the earliest reference in English. literature to playing cards under this title? XYLOGRAPHER, SOURCE OF MOtto Wanted.—I shall be obliged if any of your readers will inform me from what work is taken a motto attributed to an ancient French family, "Ni Roi, ni Duc, ni Comte, mais -" here follows the family name. I have heard it attributed both to the De Coucy and the De Montmorenci families. PUZZLED. [See 7th 8. xii. 308, 475.] NATIONAL FLAGS.-Might I ask you to kindly tell me how I could find out the correct flags at the following periods: 1. The English flag during the Black Prince's time? 2. The Moorish flag during the Moorish occupation of Spain? 3. The Spanish flag, say, during Charles V.and Philip II.'s reigns? W. HILL JAMES, Lieut.-Col. SIR PURBECK TEMPLE died August 29, 1695, at his estate, Adscomd, near Croydon; was buried at Islington. Lady Temple died February, 1700; was also buried at Islington, to which parish she left 5001. for the poor. Can any readers of N. & Q' say what connexion the Temples had with the parish of Islington, that they were buried there? Friends Road, Croydon. J. DEAN. 'HYMNS ANCIENT AND MODERN.'-Can any one supply me with the text of the imprimatur which Dr. Hampden, Bishop of Hereford, gave to the first edition of this popular hymn-book, in the year 1860 ? EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. The Brassey Institute, Hastings. AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED.Les morts durent bien peu: laissons les sous la pierre ! Hélas! dans le cercueil ils tombent en poussière Moins vite qu'en nos cœurs. This is quoted in N. & Q.,' 3rd S. viii. 546. How good is man's life here, mere living! The heart, and the soul, and the senses In addition to the references already given to accounts and illustrations of the miserere carvings in this country I would point out an interesting paper which is included in the second volume of the late Mr. Thos. Wright's 'Essays on Archæology' (1861). It is headed "On the Carvings of the Stalls in Cathedral and Collegiate Churches," and contains a succinct account of the subject-matter of the various carvings which are generally found underneath miserere stalls, and also gives (to my mind) a satisfactory origin for these grotesque and monstrous devices which are often found in ecclesiastical decorative work. The paper is illustrated (I should think, judging the style of drawing, by Mr. Fairholt, F.S.A.), and sketches are given of the curious carvings on the miserere stalls at Stratfordon-Avon, Great Malvern, Worcester, Gloucester, Ludlow, Hereford, Winchester, &c. The essay, though a short one, teems with that antiquarian lore and research which distinguish all Mr. Wright's works. Might I suggest that some competent person should do as much for our ecclesiastical carved work as Mr. Keyser, of the South Kensington Museum, has done for the mural decorations of our English churches? I mean a well-illustrated work, which should include every variety of this special church carving, whether on stall, the panelling of chancel screens, bench ends, cornices, or any kind of church furniture. I fear (horresco referens) that in very many cases these old church carvings have been regarded as rubbish, and have been treated accordingly, and that all traces of them are lost. But as I recently suggested in an article in the Antiquary on Cornish Bench Ends,' some effort should be made to preserve a record of those now existing before they fare the fate of their majority at future "restorations." ROBERT J. PRESTON, B.A. Alverne House, Penzance. churches." St. Mary's Abbey in the midst of the latter town photographed. They are early fifteenth century work. In my own collection I have eight oaken misereres of the same date, and evidently carved by the same hands as were those in Sherborne Abbey. They came, I am credibly assured, from North Cadbury Church, Somersetshire, The foot-note below the paragraph under this although how they came to be turned out of their heading directs the reader to 7th S. xi. 27, a note original resting-place I have never been able to that refers to the miserere at Lancaster, said to learn. They are in an excellent state of preservahave come from Cockersand Abbey. The oldest tion. The fifty-eight misereres at Gloucester Cathedral-which I take to be fourteenth century and most interesting misereres in the world are Bishop Bruere's (1224-44) series of forty-eight in work-have been photographed by Mr. Abraham the choir of Exeter Cathedral, and one more of the Thomas, 21, College Green, Gloucester. Collings, same date in the adjacent chapter house. There in his 'Examples of English Medieval Foliage are, as a matter of actual fact, forty-nine misereres (1846), gives two measured drawings (half full in the cathedral itself, twenty-eight upon the size) of fourteenth century misereres at St. Marcantoris or north, and twenty-one upon the decani garet's Church, Lynn, Norfolk, and of three of a or south side, but the second one from the west hundred years later date, from Boston's parish end on the cantoris side does not belong to the church (Boston "stump"). Parker, in his 'Glossary original series. It is fifteenth century work, and of Terms' (architectural), contents himself by an seems to suggest that at that period in the cathe-illustration of, I think, the only one dating from the thirteenth century now dral's history a stall was added. On one the remaining in elephant is carved. This is the earliest repre- Henry VII.'s Chapel in Westminster Abbey. sentation of that animal in oak in existence. He remarks, "Examples are to be found in almost Curiously, in representing the quadruped the thir- all churches which retain any of the ancient stalls." teenth century carver turned the hocks of the Perhaps he would have been more accurate if he hind legs the wrong way, and so they remain to bad qualified this by saying in all "collegiate this day. In 1849 the late Rev. John W. Hewett published a book briefly describing each of these misereres and illustrating twenty of them. The illustrations are curious only as representing the very worst things of their sort, in the way of architectural drawings, I ever saw. When the cathedral was restored (1870-77) the misereres all were removed from the stalls; I had the whole series photographed, and I believe the negatives of these still exist. In the latter end of 1885 I read a paper upon 'The Old Woodwork of Exeter' before an architectural society in London, and commented on the misereres in question (see Building News, December 4, 1885, and other contemporary publications). On February 12, 1886, the Building News gave illustrations of twenty-four of the Exeter misereres, and the Western Antiquary (Plymouth) for April, in the same year, produced plates of twelve of them. Some time prior to this (in 1876) the Furniture Gazette published some illustrations of the thirteenth century misereres at Exeter Cathedral, produced from sketches of my own, and also of another of the same date in Salisbury Cathedral, sketched by the same pencil. In 1873 Mr. E. Aldis, of Worcester, published a work on 'Carvings and Sculptures of Worcester Cathedral, largely illustrated by photography. Therein are thirty-seven prints of misereres in the choir, and descriptions of each. They are believed to date from the year 1397. A few years ago my friend Mr. Alfred Reynolds, of Milborne Port, near Sherborne, had ten of the misereres in Some old misereres were of lewd design. I remember during the restoration work at Chichester Cathedral, about thirty years ago, we destroyed some very gross ones, and a few years afterwards made one more decent than it ever had been heretofore in Wakefield Church. With a host of churches containing fine miserere seats before one's mental eye, those in the glorious old parish church of the Virgin Mary at Higham Ferrers, in Northamptonshire, stand out as exceptionally interesting ones. There are not many modern instances of miserere seats. The only ones I know are at the grand old church of St. Peter Port, at Guernsey, one at St. John's, Torquay, and another in St. Deiniol Church, at Hawarden, Mr. Gladstone's family seat on the Welsh border. these, it so happens, are the handiwork of one who for half a century has signed himself Fair Park, Exeter. HARRY HEMS. All There have been spasmodic attempts to make a list of these interesting subjects, but they have never come to anything definite. I have for several years been collecting the descriptions of them, and have often thought that, with assistance, they might be published. I have over a hundred complete lists, many more incomplete. This being the case I should be happy to undertake the work if I saw a prospect of its successful termination. All lists hitherto published of places where they exist are very imperfect and erroneous, places being mentioned (e. g., St. Mary's, Oxford, St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, Oxford Cathedral, &c.) where, though it may be so stated, yet the "misericordes no longer exist. I am publishing, by the kind invitation of the Council, a paper On Sacred Subjects carved on Misericords' in the forthcoming number of the Transactions of the St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society, and I have, besides the description of those of Gayton, Northants, published in Northamptonshire Notes and Queries an account of those at Higham Ferrers (vol. iv. p. 611). The late Rev. Charles Boutell began to collect lists of series, but died before he had gone very far. The book on Worcester Cathedral misericordes was published by Mr. E. Aldis; there is a copy in the library of the Society of Antiquaries. Stray notes on many instances are scattered throughout local antiquarian publications, and require much research. The Exeter misericordes were illustrated in the Building News (February 12, 1886), from the drawings of Mr. Maurice B. Adams, but the number is now out of print. Mr. Hewett's account was not a pamphlet, but a book, in folio and quarto editions. Finally, miserere is a word of no meaning; "misericorde" is without doubt the true name for these seats, and there is authority for it, as I have stated in my paper. 3, Pump Court, Temple. T. A. MARTIN. SIR JOHN GRAHAM OF KILBRIDE (8th S. i. 394). Some years ago I was working at the pedigree of Graham of Mote (Scot. Antiq., vol. i. and ii. pp. 67, 119, 152; vi. p. 140). I had the advantage of the late Mr. Stoddart's opinion on the subject of the origin of the Border Grahams, and he stated that they certainly were not descended in a legitimate line from John Graham of Kilbride," of the bright sword." I think his reasons are given in his 'Scottish Arms' (vol. ii. 420), but I have not got the book by me at present. I have, however, found clear and official evidence, which I here give, taken from the printed volume of 'Acta Dom. Concil.,' p. 238 :- 1492, June 24. "Comperit Alexander Grahame heir to the umquhil Malise Earl of Menteith and protestit that sen' he producit and schew a charter under the grete sele of our soverane lord that last decessit datit at Stirling the vij day of the month of April in the yere of God in iiij xix yeres and of his reign the ix yere made to John Grahame the son and heir of the said umquhil Malise Earle of Menteith all and hale the lands of Kil. brid with the pertinents lying in the sherrifdom of Perth quilk he allegit was of the date precedant the charter made to James Muschart of Tolgarth." That John Graham was then dead is shown by a statement dated July 5, 1492 (p. 241 of the same volume), where he is styled " umquhil John the graham." English readers may be puzzled why Alexander, "son and heir" of Malise, late Earl of Menteith, is not himself styled earl. This is explained in a foot-note to an article on the Mar earldom (Genealogist, N.S., vol. iii. p. 11):— "Down to a period considerably later than 1565, not only the retour of an Earl or Lord of Parliament, but the precept of sasine granted to him, designed him by his name and surname only, a fact familiar to every one conversant with Scottish charter chests." In the list of Sasines, Exch. Rolls, x. 768, A.D. 1495, "Perth, Sa. Alexandro Comiti Menteith to Kilbride. We find from the resignation by William Graham, seventh Earl of Menteith, of the title in 1630, that he then held the lands and barony of Kilbride ('Scottish Titles of Honour,' Hewlett, p. 35). It is, therefore, clear that John "of the bright sword" left no legitimate issue; that he predeceased his father, Malise, Earl of Menteith; and that bis next brother, Alexander, succeeded to his father's earldom and to the lands of Kilbride. "The Grahams of Gartmore, Grahams of Netherby, Grahams of Norton Conyers, baronets, and other families of that name," must look for some ancestor other than John "of the bright sword." One thing is certain: the Grahams of the Borders formed a powerful and numerous race during the latter part of the fifteenth century, and that fact alone precludes the possibility of their being descended, even as bastards, from a man who died about 1490. In the State Papers, Henry VIII.' (vol. i. p. 86) we read of "Rokcliffe, 4 miles beyond [i.e., north of] Carlisle, where dwell the Grahams," July, 1537. In the same year "the Grahams of Esk memorialized the king (ibid., p. 248); and in May, 1537 (ibid., p. 560), Arthur Graham writes: Our father, yet alive, has dwelt in Esk for 60 years and served your grace. I......beg letters patent that we may sit as free as our fathers did." SIGMA will find further information in 'The Debateable Land,' by T. J. Carlyle, 1868. I may add that the arms granted to Fergus Graham, of Mote, co. Cumberland, in 1553, bear no resemblance to the arms of the Scottish Grahams. A. W. Cornelius Hallen, M.A. Allos, N.B. ANOINTING (8th S. i. 393).-Messiah, as, of course, DR. SMYTHE PALMER knows perfectly well, signifies anointed, and in that use has a threefold propriety, as king, priest, and prophet. A funny attempt to explain it is made by Vossius. He says it is considered to stand for unum agere, because unguents are different substances united into one ("quia in unguento uniantur diversa "). If we rendered this "at-onement," atonement and ointment would become the sign of introduction |