prepared, and their students, in consequence, fell into very irregular habits, being also much corrupted by the debauched example of the young nobles of the Collegium Illustre.

The medical faculty was in a wretched condition, consisting for a time only of Johann Gerhard, much employed as a practitioner, but of little eminence as a man of science, and Samuel Haffenreffer, now an aged. man, of whose instructions nothing is known. There was neither a school of anatomy with a supply of bodies for dissection, a botanic garden, nor a hospital. After a long resistance from the professors, who wished to use the space for a pleasure ground, a botanic garden was laid out, but even then was not completed for twenty years. Even so late as 1725, it was thought remarkable that Prof. J. G. Gmelin, then a student at Tübingen, had been able to be present at the dissection of two corpses. During the latter portion of this period, however, this faculty rose to a somewhat higher celebrity, by the exertions of some eminent professors, G. B. Mezger, E. R. Cammerer, B. D. Mauchart, Alexander Cammerer, J. Zeller, &c.

Special Institutions.

1. Collegium Illustre.-This institution, which was quite closed during the war, was afterwards reopened, but was attended by a decreased number of princes and noblemen from abroad. The management of the institution was now somewhat less disconnected from that of the university, the chairs of instruction being sometimes filled by professors; and the senate in one case at least formally protested against an appointment in the Collegium of one Lang, an enemy to the university. The salaries of instructors here were however much smaller than those of ordinary professors.

2. Evangelical Stipendium.-This institution increased after the peace so rapidly that it became necessary to enlarge the building. In 1667 it contained 213 persons in all, of whom seven were "repetents," 188 students, five proselytes, twelve officials and famule, (students paying their expenses by menial services,) and the magister domus. The proselytes were refugee monks; but were mostly worthless. fellows.

The institution suffered a temporary inconvenience in consequence of the French invasion in 1688, but only for a short time. In 1704, a separate statute book was drawn up for the Stipendium, of the same general character with the university code, and containing many stringent regulations as to studies and deportment. The immediate charge of the students was intrusted to the repetents, who were chosen no longer from among the masters who were still pursuing their studies, but from those who had completed them, and who

were eminent not only for attainments in learning, but for prudence and good character. They were to watch over the general condition of the Stipendium and to report on it, and to hold a repetition at least once in eight days, in theology and philosophy, on the basis of the authors used in the lectures.

There were many regulations for maintaining good conduct and morals, such as the prohibition of drunkenness, gaming, dancing, smoking and licentiousness. All unnecessary luxury in dress is forbidden, such as silk waistcoats, red and blue hose, &c. A wig was allowable only when the physician prescribed it. At table all must wear a cowl; a relic of monkery which was not agreeable to the students, and maintained for the sake of preserving something of the conventual discipline. Many other regulations were made on very insignificant points, rather for the sake of keeping up the same obsolete order of things than for any especial moral influence.

3. Private foundations.-No particular change took place in these during this period. The Martinianum and the Fickler foundation together occupied a new building.

Morals and Manners.

The moral condition of the students would naturally be somewhat unsatisfactory, as they had grown up under the unfavorable influence of the Thirty Years' War. But the visiting cominissioners found it necessary in 1652, to administer to the professors also a reproof for their frequent debaucheries and gaming in the university house. It is characteristic that in the same report, these same professors are praised for their pure and correct orthodox belief.

Detailed testimonies to the condition of matters among the students are wanting; but there remain so many records of proceedings in cases of tumults and other excesses, that there can be no doubt of the coarseness and brutality that prevailed. But the previous kind of fighting was now more and more displaced by the practice of dueling, which began to come in about the end of the period before this, and which was now a standing article in disciplinary investigations and proceedings. Many enactments were made for the prevention and punishment of the practice, by dismissing principals and otherwise punishing other partakers, &c.; but with no important result. The first important investigation on the subject was in 1657; when the parties were punished with eight days imprisonment and twelve reichsthalers fine, and the seconds with six thalers fine. Mrs. Professor Gerhard was concerned in this affair, the quarrel which occasioned it having arisen at her house. She was summoned before the

senate, but examined privately by Profs. Lauterbach and Haffenreffer. She was fined ten reichsthalers and forbidden to keep boarders; it being thought improper, as her husband was so much absent from home, and unable to see what was going on there. Mrs. Gerhard complained bitterly of this decision, saying that she had much wine in her cellar, which she could not pour into the street, but must keep boarders to drink it out, unless she was to be deprived of her living. And she said that there were disturbances at other boarding houses, without causing them to be prohibited.

There were many similar investigations during the next ten years, but, on the whole, dueling does not seem to have been more frequent at Tübingen than at the other universities; and none of them were fatal. Very noticeable lenity was used toward sons of eminent persons or nobles in punishing for this reason.

There were also other disturbances, such as extended feuds between the stipendiaries and the other students, and the students and the servants of the nobles in the Collegium Illustre. Other disorders and licentiousness seem, on the whole, to have somewhat decreased during this period, except in the first ten years of it, when we find among houses of evil repute that of Mrs. Prof. Harpprecht, whose three daughters had a most undesirable reputation. In 1658, some stipendiaries were rejected because they frequently visited the Misses Harpprecht.

The boarding houses kept by many of the professors, and their retail wine-selling business, occasioned much social intercourse between them and the students. This wine trade also caused many complaints from the citizens, with whose business it seriously interfered. Beer seems to have been also frequently drank. Tobacco smoking was apparently introduced about 1660, and was first prohibited in the Stipendium, on penalty of imprisonment and dismission.

There are no very distinct details, but some few traces of the existence of students' societies, orders, and Landsmannschaften. We find the senate prohibiting "Garlands," "conventicles," and "kingdoms." These last were undoubtedly regular organizations for social debauchery, with a king at the head, officers, and codes.

The origin of the orders, and of the grades, derived from Pennalism, of Fox, Bursch, Mossy-Head, and Gold-Fox, is doubtless quite ancient; and here we are to look for the rise of very many of the fantastic-student usages, the comment, and the dueling practices.* When the gradual amelioration of manners extinguished the evils of

For an account of Pennalism, set Barnard's "American Journal of Education," Vol. VI.

Pennalism, its custom of abuse of the "Foxes" or freshmen remained longest in the theological Stipendium, where, according to old custom, they were made to perform all manner of menial services.

IV. FROM THE ACCESSION OF DUKE CHARLES TO THE CHANGE OF THE UNIVERSITY INTO A STATE INSTITUTION, 1737 to 1811.

New Statutes under Duke Charles.

The interest taken by Duke Charles in the university, marked the beginning of a new epoch, about the middle of the last century. He gave the university many new regulations, but without introducing any essential change in its constitution.

With the view of enlarging the attendance, he enacted by an ordinance of July 24, 1744, that all youths intended for learned studies, should either pursue them at the university of Tübingen, or should at least study there for some years. And those who have now been studying abroad, or shall hereafter do so, were to present at Tübingen such a public testimonial (specimen studiorum) as may enable their native country to know what their studies have been. This is the first trace of any state examination to succeed the completion of a course of study. Other new regulations were intended to increase the efficiency of instruction, and the industry of both students and professors.

Such were reproofs of the careless and neglectful mode in which the professors labored; prohibitions of the common practices of dictating a lecture, reading some printed treatise in place of it, heaping up a mass of references and citations, and quoting authors not obtainable by the students, &c., &c. The censorship on matter to be printed by members of the university was confined to the respective faculties, but they were admonished, in all cases where practicable, to negotiate in a friendly manner with the author for the change of objectionable matter instead of proceeding publicly.

In order to remove the common complaint that the expenses of living at Tübingen were remarkably high, the senate was ordered to refrain from all unnecessary expenditures, such as printing the numerous poems of congratulation, condolence, &c., the "opposition dinners," ridings-out and receptions of boarding housekeepers, professors and students, costly processions, music for the rectors, &c. The students were to be prevented from giving so many presents, and expending so much money at weddings, visits, and with female acquaintance, &c. An earlier statute forbidding any landlord from trusting any one to the amount of more than ten florins was renewed.

The ordinance of 1744 was followed by a fuller one of 1751, new statutes in 1752, and another revision, with additions, in 1770; from

which we quote the fees for private lectures and the doctor's degree. A half year's theological course cost three florins; a juridical course, on the pandects, (two hours daily for a year,) eighteen to twenty florins; on the institutions, or on church, feudal, criminal or common law (Landrecht), eight florins; on practice and law of nations, ten florins. A course on medicine cost six florins, on anatomy nine florins. If the number of hearers was too small, the medical lecturer might collect from fifty to sixty florins for his whole (half year's) course; or for a pathologico-practical course, lasting a whole year, from 100 to 120 florins. In the philosophical faculty only two florins were ordinarily paid for a half year's course, but in mathematics one ducat; for a course on the history of the German Empire six florins, but for one on universal history only two florins. An examination for a licentiate's degree cost, in the theological and medical faculties, for a native, ten ducats; for a foreigner, fifteen ducats; in the juridical faculty, seventy-five florins. The doctor's diploma cost sixty florins. At a disputation, the Præses was to be paid twelve florins, and three florins was also charged for each sheet of the disputation. If, however, the candidate had drawn this up himself, he need only pay the professor one florin per sheet for revising it. The degree of master in the philosophical faculty (master of arts) was somewhat cheaper, costing two florins, besides thirteen florins, fifty kreutzers to the funds of the faculty, and six florins for the subsequent dinner.

Personal relations of Duke Charles to the University.

Duke Charles showed an active interest in the university by often visiting Tübingen, for weeks at a time, and by taking part in various ways in the oversight and general discipline of it. Sometimes he attended the lectures of the professors; he allowed himself to be chosen rector during a number of years; he provided for various scientific departments which he observed to be wanting, such as an observatory, a chemical laboratory, an anatomical room, means for preserving the library, and an apparatus for experiments in physics. At these visits of the duke, he was received with much pomp, and his presence caused much excitement and occasioned much show, and many balls, concerts, &c. To all these many professors and students, the theological stipendiaries especially, were invited, and with them the duke took pleasure in much intercourse, both sportive and earnest. At the celebration of the third university jubilee in 1777, there was a remarkably magnificent display, with a procession, orations in many languages, banquets, disputations, &c., &c., extending over eight days. The honorary gifts to the university on this occasion, consisted not of rich drinking vessels, but of books; the city of Tübingen giving the