To Rise in Darkness: Revolution, Repression, and Memory in El Salvador, 1920–1932To Rise in Darkness offers a new perspective on a defining moment in modern Central American history. In January 1932 thousands of indigenous and ladino (non-Indian) rural laborers, provoked by electoral fraud and the repression of strikes, rose up and took control of several municipalities in central and western El Salvador. Within days the military and civilian militias retook the towns and executed thousands of people, most of whom were indigenous. This event, known as la Matanza (the massacre), has received relatively little scholarly attention. In To Rise in Darkness, Jeffrey L. Gould and Aldo A. Lauria-Santiago investigate memories of the massacre and its long-term cultural and political consequences. Gould conducted more than two hundred interviews with survivors of la Matanza and their descendants. He and Lauria-Santiago combine individual accounts with documentary sources from archives in El Salvador, Guatemala, Washington, London, and Moscow. They describe the political, economic, and cultural landscape of El Salvador during the 1920s and early 1930s, and offer a detailed narrative of the uprising and massacre. The authors challenge the prevailing idea that the Communist organizers of the uprising and the rural Indians who participated in it were two distinct groups. Gould and Lauria-Santiago demonstrate that many Communist militants were themselves rural Indians, some of whom had been union activists on the coffee plantations for several years prior to the rebellion. Moreover, by meticulously documenting local variations in class relations, ethnic identity, and political commitment, the authors show that those groups considered “Indian” in western El Salvador were far from homogeneous. The united revolutionary movement of January 1932 emerged out of significant cultural difference and conflict. |
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The rural areas around Ahuachapán , Juayúa , Tacuba , Izalco , and Nahuizalco
suffered the greatest number of deaths , probably several thousand during these
critical first days . As one military officer wrote years later , “ The machine guns ...
Ramón Esquina , an indigenous campesino from a canton of Nahuizalco , offered
one of numerous examples of this suppression of indigenous agency in
memories of the insurrection : “ A señor from Juayúa arrived with a mule . He was
in ...
Also see Pineda Ortiz and Ramírez Cruz , “ Vision Socio - cultural de Nahuizalco
, ” 95 ; Contreras , “ Monografía de la población Indígena de Nahuizalco . ” He
writes : “ Durante la investigación todos negaron hablar el dialecto Nahuate . . . y
...
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