To Rise in Darkness: Revolution, Repression, and Memory in El Salvador, 1920–1932To Rise in Darkness offers a new perspective on a defining moment in modern Central American history. In January 1932 thousands of indigenous and ladino (non-Indian) rural laborers, provoked by electoral fraud and the repression of strikes, rose up and took control of several municipalities in central and western El Salvador. Within days the military and civilian militias retook the towns and executed thousands of people, most of whom were indigenous. This event, known as la Matanza (the massacre), has received relatively little scholarly attention. In To Rise in Darkness, Jeffrey L. Gould and Aldo A. Lauria-Santiago investigate memories of the massacre and its long-term cultural and political consequences. Gould conducted more than two hundred interviews with survivors of la Matanza and their descendants. He and Lauria-Santiago combine individual accounts with documentary sources from archives in El Salvador, Guatemala, Washington, London, and Moscow. They describe the political, economic, and cultural landscape of El Salvador during the 1920s and early 1930s, and offer a detailed narrative of the uprising and massacre. The authors challenge the prevailing idea that the Communist organizers of the uprising and the rural Indians who participated in it were two distinct groups. Gould and Lauria-Santiago demonstrate that many Communist militants were themselves rural Indians, some of whom had been union activists on the coffee plantations for several years prior to the rebellion. Moreover, by meticulously documenting local variations in class relations, ethnic identity, and political commitment, the authors show that those groups considered “Indian” in western El Salvador were far from homogeneous. The united revolutionary movement of January 1932 emerged out of significant cultural difference and conflict. |
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74 Other accounts add that the owners gave the Guardia “ a good lunch ” before
the soldiers killed several strikers . According to Cuenca ' s report to the
Comintern six months later , “ They began to attack the pickets , smashing ,
breaking ...
215 " They Killed the Just for the Sinners " Méndez recalls how Augusto
Sarmiento , an Ahuachapaneco leftist leader , cried out to bystanders as he was
carried off in an open vehicle to a firing squad , “ Goodbye my comrades ! " 17 Yet
such ...
They walked off to make a cemetery . . . they killed them all . . . Gabino Mata
turned over a lot of people . " 30 Another surviving eyewitness was Jesús
Velásquez , a twelve - year - old ladino boy from Los Arenales : 223 “ They Killed
the Just for ...
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