To Rise in Darkness: Revolution, Repression, and Memory in El Salvador, 1920–1932To Rise in Darkness offers a new perspective on a defining moment in modern Central American history. In January 1932 thousands of indigenous and ladino (non-Indian) rural laborers, provoked by electoral fraud and the repression of strikes, rose up and took control of several municipalities in central and western El Salvador. Within days the military and civilian militias retook the towns and executed thousands of people, most of whom were indigenous. This event, known as la Matanza (the massacre), has received relatively little scholarly attention. In To Rise in Darkness, Jeffrey L. Gould and Aldo A. Lauria-Santiago investigate memories of the massacre and its long-term cultural and political consequences. Gould conducted more than two hundred interviews with survivors of la Matanza and their descendants. He and Lauria-Santiago combine individual accounts with documentary sources from archives in El Salvador, Guatemala, Washington, London, and Moscow. They describe the political, economic, and cultural landscape of El Salvador during the 1920s and early 1930s, and offer a detailed narrative of the uprising and massacre. The authors challenge the prevailing idea that the Communist organizers of the uprising and the rural Indians who participated in it were two distinct groups. Gould and Lauria-Santiago demonstrate that many Communist militants were themselves rural Indians, some of whom had been union activists on the coffee plantations for several years prior to the rebellion. Moreover, by meticulously documenting local variations in class relations, ethnic identity, and political commitment, the authors show that those groups considered “Indian” in western El Salvador were far from homogeneous. The united revolutionary movement of January 1932 emerged out of significant cultural difference and conflict. |
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35 This notion that rural workers had no real use for higher wages formed part of
the commonsense of the Central American planter class , and like racism it
provided a coherent rationale for maintaining wages at subsistence levels .
During the boom years of the 1920s the increased availability of wage labor and
small wage increases had partially ... to decline just as the price of coffee tumbled
, and as a direct result coffee workers ' wages were slashed to 30 cents a day .
21 Garden Despair The crisis squeezed western colonos in particular , from two
directions : rent and other charges increased along with the workload , as wages
decreased . A newspaper account graphically denounced the contemporary ...
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