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are valid. Qui s'excuse, s'accuse. Furthermore, many earnest and intelligent persons are coming to realize that the one approach to education is not alone through the self-activity of the intellect, but of the body, of the emotions, of the will, of the moral sense that is to say, a self-activity of the whole person. When sense—that the inner life is thwarted or starved, no outward endowment, however splendid, can produce results. That ancient question is still pertinent, What shall it profit a man if he gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?

And now it may be asked, what disposition is recommended for our present large educational endowments, and for those prospective endowments which prospective millionaires, facing prospective death, may be moved to bestow? The answer is very simple. These gathered billions, no longer of any personal use to their gatherers, may all be spent to the utmost advantage instead of being hoarded. They may be made the occasion of life and achievement, instead of apathy and stagnation. There are at least four directions in which every penny of these billions could be beneficently spent, and more billions in addition. But as a necessary preface to their enumeration, let me first say that my own educational preference will always be for small local colleges, just as for small local schools, placed near the home, within easy walking or motoring distance, so that they may serve both youth and age, and enrich immensely our whole family life. At present the college tends to disintegrate this family life by creating unfortunate lines of cleavage, without offering adequate compensations. Boys and girls are sadly stunted in normal development when they are deprived of their natural share of family duties, responsibilities, joys and burdens. These home experiences are deeply educative; dormitory life, however perfect mechanically and impressive architecturally, can offer no valid substitute. Nor is there any reason whatever why the adult world, parents and even grandparents,-a world, by the way, which pays the bills,should not share in the intellectual life of the college, and move with their children into the ever expanding kingdom of modern thought. The unsatisfied spiritual and intellectual hunger of the older generation is now a part of the pathos and aridity of our current, prosperous American life.

With this preamble it is very easy to name four directions in which all endowment funds, past and future, however large, may profitably be spent:

1.—In building small, provincial colleges in suitable towns and centres, and in improving local institutions already established. In many cases, the county seat would be the indicated site for such a provincial college. This wholesome scattering of undergraduate students would leave the universities free to pursue their own proper work in graduate departments and in research.

2. In setting aside adequate funds for pure research work at the universities. Even here, if the donations of the year could be wisely spent to further the research most urgently needed, instead of being put out to interest, I believe that human welfare would be vastly advanced. When millions are dying of preventable disease, it seems a cruel prudence to spend only one-twentieth of our funds in trying to save them.

3. In supplying model industrial plants,—unless already existing in the neighborhood,-where students who so desire may healthfully earn a part or all of their expenses. The possibilities here are very large. New industries may profitably be introduced, and in addition to serving the students themselves might set up better standards for the community. Perhaps the best results would come about if the local college and the local manufacturer could work together in making industry more attractive humanly as well as more efficient. Experiments along this line are already in progress in several parts of the country and give promise of success.

4.-Last, but not least, in the service of beauty, creating parks, roads, bridges, pools, gateways, landscapes, woodlands, in the outdoor world; and indoors making more adequate provision for the fine arts-music, drama, sculpture, painting.

In these four channels for immediate expenditure we have adequate outlet for the multitudinous securities now hidden away in our collegiate strong-box, and for as many additional billions as Time may bring to our store. It is a temptation to enlarge upon each one of these splendid possibilities, but that would take us quite too far afield.

The objection to the deadening effect of endowment funds is

not limited to the case of educational enterprises, but is tragically valid as a general principle in human life. Endowments kill initiative and healthy self-activity and make for spiritual stagnation. "Paddle your own canoe" is everywhere the sounder principle. A socialistic state which does too much for its citizens and decides too many issues for them, is a left-handed giver. Even our good nature is at fault when we too readily forgive offenders before they have repented their evil deeds and attempted restitution. This failure to realize true values, this debilitating softness, we even manifest, and perhaps most disastrously, in dealing with ourselves. We want things without paying for them, we have become spiritual bargain-hunters. We want scholarship without application; we want wealth without work; we want friendship before we have proved our fidelity; we want love before we have earned the right to it,-in a word, we want something for nothing. There are few among us who do not seek residence on that delectable thoroughfare which the vulgar call "Easy Street". We are after a special private endowment fund which will relieve us from the necessity for further effort. We tell ourselves that we would work with still greater assiduity and for more disinterested ends, but the endowment once gained, we seldom do. Yet the uses of leisure are many and beneficent. Our supported men and women have every opportunity in all the sciences, arts and humanities.

Every man who wishes his life to be dignified and well-ordered, and who has a sane regard for ways and means, realizes that sickness and old age are a part of the common hazard of life, and must be provided against. But this does not require either overprovision or premature provision. Life itself is a risky business, and there are many bridges to cross, but they need not be crossed until they are reached. To make life the high adventure it may so easily be, a man must gallantly take the risk. There are many "good" reasons for saving,-in fact to many persons the mere act of saving almost takes on the quality of a Christian virtue,-but the "real" reason is generally fear. Sometimes it is personal fear; sometimes fear for one's family. A man commonly tells himself that he saves in order to keep his family from want, but what he usually means is to keep them from effort. And that, as

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I am here contending all along, is a grave disservice to an individual, a family, a school, a university, a church or a community.

In my own educational work, I have touched quite intimately the lives of many boys who were moderately poor, and many boys who were unavoidably rich. If reincarnation holds, and I am returned to earth, I pray to be born into a family of large talents and character, but of very moderate means. Looking out upon our American life, I have come to believe that one of the most curious and mischievous faults of a socially minded community is the almost incurable desire to do for other people what they ought to do for themselves and grow strong in the doing. The slogan of our early manual training crusade was this: We learn by doing. It is applicable to the whole of life.

I have come to regard endowment funds, both individual and institutional, not as the benefaction which they are commonly thought to be, but as a distinct menace to our better life. They seem to me the tribute which we pay to our indolence, our inertia, our fear a blight which makes automatic what ought to be spontaneous; static, what ought to be dynamic; dead, what ought to be alive. If I might paraphrase the famous reply which Pinckney made to the agents of the French Revolution, "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute," I should be tempted to proclaim, "Millions for equipment, but not one cent for endowment." And I should mean by this, millions for present-day opportunity, but not one cent for present-day sluggishness.

HANFORD HENDERSON.

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