...labor alone. The different proportions in which different sorts of labor are reduced to unskilled labor as their standard, are established by a social process...behind the backs of the producers, and, consequently, appears to be fixed by custom. For simplicity's sake we shall henceforth account every kind of labor...

...be the product of the most skilful labour, but its value by equating it with the product of simple labour represents a definite quantity of the latter...behind the backs of the producers and consequently appears to be fixed by custom.' By the economic-labour that constitutes the immanent measure of Value...

...labor alone. The different proportions in which different sorts of labor are reduced to unskilled labor as their standard, are established by a social process...behind the backs of the producers, and, consequently appears to be fixed by custom." " If," says Bohm-Bawerk, " the product of one day's labor of one man...

...background. This is to be found in a " social process that goes on behind the backs of the producers." "The different proportions in which different sorts...behind the backs of the producers, and, consequently, appears to be fixed by custom. " For simplicity's sake we shall henceforth account every kind of labour...

...some means must be designed in order to keep the problem in the background. This is to be found in a " social process that goes on behind the backs of the producers." "The different proportions in which different sorts of labour are reduced to unskilled labour as their...

...Dreadnought, might be replaced by a certain number of thousands of navvies. On p. 1 2 Marx informs us that " the different proportions in which different sorts...producers, and consequently appear to be fixed by custom." The words in italics are indeed apposite for the description of so transparent a conjuring trick. It...

...recognized. Skilled labor counts as so many units of unskilled labor, the exact proportion being fixed by "a social process that goes on behind the backs of the producers." That is, the problem is to determine how the relations are established which result in value, and the...

...labour " as an hour's work of a farm labourer ; all he can say is that " the difierent_prQpprtions in which different sorts of labour are reduced to...unskilled labour as their standard, are established by a process that goes on behind the backs of the producers, and consequently appears to be fixed by custom."'...

...measured is "simple abstract human labour," to which various degrees of skilled labour are reduced by a "social process that goes on behind the backs of the producers and consequently appears to be fixed by custom." Value, in the sense here used, is exchange value; use value being assumed...

...greater quantity of simple labour." But how is this done, how is the standard applied ? He replies : " The different proportions in which different sorts...of the producers, and, consequently, appear to be established by custom. For simplicity's sake we shall henceforth account every kind of labour to be...