AUTHOR'S NOTE TO THE ITALIAN TRANSLATION (1887) THE German original of this book was published in September of the year 1884, though the title-page bears the date 1885, in accordance with a reprehensible custom prevailing among German publishers. It will be well for the Italian reader to note this, so that he may be able to judge of the priority of some observations which occur in the German edition and subsequently appeared in other books as well. It is almost superfluous to say that this appendix does not pretend to be a complete bibliography, which would, indeed, have been impossible in this place, for so wide a field; but the notes are intended to show the reader the road followed by the author.1 In many cases only the latest publication is quoted for a certain subject, and there fuller bibliographical information will be found. For the same reason I do not even enumerate the general histories of Italian literature prior to this one. Only it appears convenient to me once and for all to make honourable mention in this place of the works of Adolfo Bartoli, since I shall not have another opportunity of speaking of them collectively. By his "Primi due secoli della letteratura italiana" (completed in 1880), and his "Storia della letteratura italiana," of which six volumes appeared between 1878 and 1884 and two further ones, on the "Commedia," in 1887 and 1889, Bartoli achieved the great distinction of having treated these subjects for the first time in a really scientific manner. It is natural that these works, just because they were the first of their kind and that they dealt with so vast and difficult a theme, could not be free from defects. But they have been very useful to students, and were very useful to me, too. This I freely and gratefully acknowledge, though I may several times have to differ from the author in his views on single points. 1 In view of these statements and of the fact that any attempt at supplementary notes of a critical or controversial nature would be entirely out of place, the additions to the bibliography have, in the main, been limited to the titles of new editions, of biographical works, and of general literary surveys. The author placed the names of those works which were inaccessible to him in square brackets; these have been retained, while the translator's supplementary notes are inserted between asterisks. -Translator's Note. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL NOTES Page 4 sqq. For the studies pursued in the Middle Ages and the Latin Literature in Italy at this period, cf. Muratori, "Antiq. Ital.," iii. 807 sqq.; Tiraboschi, "Storia della lett. ital." (Firenze, 1805-1813), vols. iii., iv.; Giesebrecht, De litterarum studiis apud Italos primis medii ævi sæculis," Berolini, 1845; Comparetti, Virgilio nel medio evo,” vol. i., Livorno, 1872, * second edition, Firenze, 1896; "Vergil in the Middle Ages," translated by E. F. M. Benecke, London, 1895 *. Koerting, in his "Die Anfänge der Renaissancelitteratur in Italien," Leipzig, 1884, does not touch this subject; what is said on page 300 in justification of this omission appears to me a poor excuse. [Gius. Savioli, "L'istruzione pubblica in Italia nei secoli VIII., IX., X.,” in the "Rivista Europea," nuova serie, anno X., t. xiii., xiv.] G. Gröber, "Uebersicht über die lateinische Litteratur, von der Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts bis 1350," in his "Grundriss der roman. Philologie," II. i. pp. 97-432, Strassburg, 1893. *—E. Celesia's "Storia della letteratura in Italia nei secoli barbari,” in 2 vols., Genova, 1882, is quite useless. Page 2, 14 sqq. The sketch of the development of the communes and of the political condition of medieval Italy in general is, as will easily be seen, based on C. Hegel, "Geschichte der Städteverfassung von Italien," 2 vols., Leipzig, 1847. Page 22. For the literature of Monte Cassino, cf. Petrus Diaconus, "De viris illustribus casinensibus," ed. B. Mari, Lutetiæ Paris, 1666 (also Muratori, "Script.," vi. 9), cap. 19 sqq.— For the Abbot Desiderius, cf. Don Andrea Caravita, "I codici e le arti a Monte Cassino," especially i. 180 sqq., Monte Cassino, 1869 and 1870. A large number of Alfanus' poems in Ughelli, "Italia sacra" (Venetiis, 1722), t. x., Appendix, pp. 47-78, and in Giesebrecht, op. cit., p. 37 sqq., where also his classical imitations are to be found. A poem by Gaiferius in Tosti, "Storia della Badia di Monte-Cassino," i. 414 sqq., Napoli, 1842. Poems by both in Ozanam, "Documents inédits pour servir à l'hist. litt. de l'Italie," p. 259 sqq., Paris, 1850.-Amatus, published by Champollion-Figeac, "L'ystoire de li Normant par Aimé, moine de Mont-Cassin," Paris, 1835. For Alberic, cf. Rockinger, "Sitzungsber. der bayer. Akad. d. W." of the year 1861, vol. i. 126; the two writings of Alberic mentioned first were published by Rockinger in "Quellen und Erörterungen zur bayerischen und deutschen Geschichte," vol. ix., München, 1863. The "Dictaminum Radii" are not yet printed; there is a MS. containing them in the Breslau University Library, IV. Oct. 11. Page_30. "Sancti Petri Damiani Opera Omnia," Bassani, 1783. Joseph Kleinermann's "Der heil. Petrus Damiani," Steyl, 1882. Page 34. "Anselmi Opera," in Migne, "Patrologia," ser. lat., t. 158, 159. Ch. de Rémusat, "Saint Anselme de Cantorbéry," Paris, 1853. Page 36. For the grammarians, epistolaries and books of formulas, cf. the two works of Rockinger quoted above, and T. Casini, "La coltura bolognese dei secoli XII e XIII," in the "Giornale storico della lett. ital." anno i., vol. i., p. 5 sqq. Page 38. Ugo Balzani, "Early Chroniclers of Europe, Italy," London, 1883 [subsequently published also in Italian: "Le cronache italiane nel medio evo," Milano, 1884], is very inadequate, just for this period. Page 39. [Sanzanome's work is printed also in the "Documenti di storia italiana" of the "Deputazione toscana di storia patria," Firenze, 1876.] Page 40. What is the origin of Boncompagno's phrase designating Italy as Domina provinciarum, a phrase recurring not only in Dante, but also in Bono Giamboni, "Introd. alle virtù," cap. 47? In the "Corpus Juris," where one might feel inclined to look for it, in view of Boncompagno's mode of expressing himself, it does not occur, as a distinguished jurist tells me. It is based on the circumstance that, in the Roman Empire, Italy was not a province, nor subject to tribute. At a later date Lor. Valla said in the "De Constantini donatione" (near the beginning): "Donaret præterea una cum Roma Italiam, non provinciam sed provinciarum victricem." Page 41. [The historical poem on Barbarossa, which was recently discovered by Monaci in a Vatican MS. and which is said to be printed in the "Archivio della società romana di storie patria." vol. i., remained inaccessible to me.] For a conjecture made concerning the author (Taddeo di Roma) by R. Wenck, cf. "Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde," vol. ix. 202, and x. 170 P. 41. The poem of Henricus Septimellensis is printed in Leyser, "Historia poetarum et poematum medii aevi," Halæ Magdeb., 1721, p. 453 sqq., and "Henrici Septimellensis alias Sammariensis Elegia de diversitate fortunæ ex mss. Mediceo et altero cl. et illustr. viri A. Magliabechii," no place or date; here the poem is followed by a "Tractatus de septem virtutibus." [Also published with an Italian translation by Manni, Firenze, 1730; and “Arrighetto, ovvero trattato contro all'avversità, ecc. con testo latino," Milano, 1832.] For the author, cf. Tiraboschi, iv. 429 sqq.; C. Milanesi, "Il Boezio e l'Arrighetto," p. lviii sqq., and p. cxiii sq., Firenze, 1864 ; K. Francke, “Zur Geschichte der latein. Schulpoesie des 12. u. 13. Jahrh.," p. 43, München, 1879. Page 43. The passage of Boncompagno against the grammarians of Orleans is at the beginning of the "Liber decem tabularum," and is published by Delisle, "Annuaire-Bulletin de la société de l'histoire de France," 1869, p. 152. Page 44. On the character of Latin poetry in the Middle Ages, see the excellent observations in Comparetti, "Virgilio,” i. 215 sqq.; also Pannenborg, l.c., pp. 191-238, and Kuno Francke, .c. Page 45. The whole of Morandus' poem is now published by Fr. Novati, “Carmina medii ævi," p. 69, Firenze, Libreria Dante, 1883. The satire attributed to Pier della Vigna was last published by Huillard-Bréholles, "Vie et correspondance de Pierre de la Vigne," p. 402 sqq., Paris, 1865. The poems on the victory at Parma after the defeat of Frederick II. were last published in "Mon. Germ. Script." t. xviii. For two rhythmical pieces by Riccardo da S. Germano in his chronicle, cf. Muratori, "Script." vii. 970 and 993. Others are quoted by Giesebrecht, "Die Vaganten oder Goliarden und ihre Lieder," in "Allgem. Monatsschrift für Wissensch. und Lit." of the year 1853, p. 41. Of course, there was a number of rhythmical poems in Italy before this time, but they are of a different character. It should be noted that the well-known piece, "Viri venerabiles, viri litterati," which appears in Wright, "Walter Mapes," p. 31, as "Prædicatio Golia," also occurs at the end of the "Pantheon," as the work of Godfrey of Viterbo, "Mon. Germ. Script.," xxii. p. 305.-That the Italians took little or no part in the Goliardic poetry was the opinion of Giesebrecht, .c. This theory having been opposed by Burckhardt and Bartoli, it was very well defended by Alfredo Straccali: "I Goliardi ovvero I Clerici vagantes delle università medioevali," Firenze, 1880; but the reasoning by which he accounts for the absence of this poetry appears to me to be false. Novati, l.c., p. 9, considers the opinion of Giesebrecht and Straccali to be immature, till the libraries have been explored. But the collection of Goliardic poems which he gives himself is very small, contains no pieces of importance (none that are older than the thirteenth century), and of the majority it cannot even be said whether they are of Italian origin. * A. Gabrielli, “Su la poesia dei Goliardi," Città di Castello, 1889. * Page 46. On the earliest traces of Italian, see the small but instructive treatise of L. Morandi, "Origine della lingua italiana," p. 51 sqq., Città di Castello, 1883. Andrea Gloria, "Del volgare illustre dal secolo vii. sino a Dante,” Venezia, 1880, composed imaginary pieces with vulgar words taken from Latin documents, in order to show how rich these were in elements of the kind; his idea that a "volgare illustre" can be distinguished for those early times appears to me to be erroneous. A more recent work of Gloria's, "Volgare illustre nel 1100 e Proverbi volgari del 1200," Venezia, 1885, gives alphabetical lists of vulgar words from Latin documents; here again the proof for the existence of a "volgare illustre" appears to me to be inadequate. The Sardinian documents of the twelfth century in Muratori, "De origine linguæ ital." ("Antiq. Ital.," ii. 1051, 1053, 1059); in Pasq. Tola, "Codex diplomaticus Sardinia," i. 149, etc. ("Historiæ patriæ monumenta," t. x., Augustæ Taurin., 1861); and Stengel in "Rivista di filologia romanza," i. 52 (cf. ib. 123). For the earliest inscriptions, which are for the most part spurious or doubtful, cf. Baudi di Vesme, "Propugnatore," v. 1°, p. 5 sqq., and Di Giovanni, “Dell' uso del volgare in Sardegna ed in Sicilia nei secoli xii. e xiii.,” Palermo, 1866 (reprinted in "Filologia e letteratura," Palermo, 1871). That the two Sicilian documents which were supposed to belong to the twelfth century, belong in point of fact to the sixteenth, was shown by Böhmer, "Roman. Studien," iii. 159 sqq. For the epitaph in the church of S. Giovanni Battista at Erice, the year 1000 was a forgery for 1606, as was pointed out by Antonio Salinas, “Giornale storico della lett. ital.” i. 508 sq. The inscription in four rhyming verses, formerly in the Duomo of Ferrara, which was said to be of the year 1135, and concerning whose age Tiraboschi had considerable doubts, is now held to be authentic by Monaci; cf. Morandi, l.c., p. 63, where are also printed the four verses on a victory of the inhabitants of Belluno, composed in their dialect, which belong to the year 1196, but have come down to us only in a work published in 1607. For the earliest monuments, cf. Monaci, "Crestomazia italiana dei primi secoli," Città di Castello, 1889, etc. * Page 46 sqq. For the "Carte di Arborea" cf. the opinion of the Berlin Academy of Sciences in the "Monatsberichte," p. 64 sqq., 1870; Girolamo Vitelli, "Delle carte d'Arborea e delle poesie in esse contenute," in the "Propugnatore," iii. 1o, 255 sqq., and 20, 436 sqq.; also Bartoli, "Storia della lett. ital.," ii. 389 sqq. With Vitelli's work the subject was really exhausted.For the "Ritmo cassinese," cf. D'Ancona, "Propugnatore," vii. 2o, 394 sqq., I. Giorgi and G. Navone in the "Riv. di fil. rom.," ii. 91, and Böhmer, "Rom. Stud.," iii. 143 sqq.-(an attempt at |