Now as a matter of fact such transfers have taken place in cognate and similar words.

I shall out of many select a few cases from Greek, Latin, English, and Hebrew words, fully to illustrate, and clearly to confirm these principles, and to show that they are peculiar to no language, but rest on universal laws of the mind.

In Greek, all admit that the most common sense of ßárrw is to dip, to immerse. I am willing to admit that it is the primitive sense.

But it is beyond all dispute that the same word has passed to the meaning to dye, without any reference to mode. Great efforts were once made to deny this. But the most intelligent Baptists now entirely abandon this ground, and that with the best reason. And indeed, so far has the word passed from its original sense that it is applied to coloring the surface of an object by gold, i. e. to gilding. A few examples out of many, in so plain a case, must suffice. In the battle of the frogs and mice, a mouse is represented as dyeing or coloring the lake with his bloodἐβάπτετο αἷματι λιμνή. On this there was once a battle royal to prove that it could be proper to speak of dipping a lake into the blood of a mouse; and all the powers of rhetoric were put in requisition to justify the usage. Hear now Dr. Carson, inferior in learning and research to none of the Baptists: "To suppose that there is here any extravagant allusion to the literal immersion or dipping of a lake, is a monstrous perversion of taste. The lake is said to be dyed, not to be dipped, or poured, or sprinkled. There is in the word no reference to mode. Had Baptists entrenched themselves here, they would have saved themselves much useless toil, and much false criticism, without straining to the impeachment of their candor or their taste. What a monstrous paradox in rhetoric is the figuring of the dipping of a lake in the blood of a mouse! Yet Dr. Gale supposes that the lake was dipped by hyperbole. The literal sense he says is, the lake was dipped in blood. Never was there such a figure. The lake is not said to be dipped in blood, but to be dyed with blood."

p. 48, last American edition. This is well said, and is the more to our

purpose on account of its author. Indeed his whole discussion of this point is able, lucid, and decisive. Of the examples adduced by him I shall quote one or two more.

"Hippocrates employs it to denote dyeing, by dropping the dyeing liquid on the thing dyed : ἐπειδὰν ἐπιστάξῃ ἐπὶ τὰ ἱμάτια βάπ τεται: 'When it drops upon the garments they are dyed.' This surely is not dyeing by dipping." Carson, p. 44.

"Again. In Arrian-Expedition of Alexander: roùs de Túγωνας λέγει Νεαρχὸς ὅτι βάπτωνται Ινδοι : 4 Nearchus relates that the Indians dye their beards.' It will not be contended that they dyed their beards by immersion." p. 44.

He quotes cases in which it is used to describe the coloring of the hair; the staining of a garment by blood; the staining of the hand by crushing a coloring substance in it; for which, and others of a like kind, I refer to him, and to Prof. Stuart.

In the compounds and derivatives of this word the sense to dye is very extensive; to be fully satisfied of which, let any one examine the Thesaurus of H. Stephens, or the abbreviation of it by Scapula on this word.

It is compounded with colors of all kinds, as πορφυρεοβαφής jaxivdivo Saphs, of a purple or a hyacinthine dye. It denotes a dyer, a dyeing vat, a dye-house, etc., Sapsús Bagsîov, etc., and it even passes, as before stated, to cases in which a new color is produced by the external application of a solid, as Xpudobapńs, colored with gold, or gilded.

But it is needless to quote at large all the examples which might be adduced to illustrate and confirm these points; and as all that I claim is conceded even by our Baptist brethren, to proceed further would seem like an attempt at useless display. I shall therefore proceed to consider the usages of a kindred word in the Latin language.

Tingo, beyond all doubt, means to immerse. In this sense Facciolatus and Forcellinus, in their Totius Latinitatis Lexicon, give βάπτω as its synonyme. And as βάπτω is used to describe the immersing of an axe to temper it, so is tingo, to describe simi

lar operations. So Virgil, speaking of the operations of the Cyclopean workmen of Vulcan, thus describes them as immersing the hissing metals in water to temper them, "Stridentia tingunt æra lacu." E. viii. 450. They dip the hissing brass in the lake.

So speaking of a sword. He had dipped the sword in Stygian water. "Tinxerat unda stygia ensem.' E. xii. 91. Celsus speaks of sponges dipped in vinegar. "Spongia in aceto tincta."

The setting of the heavenly bodies is spoken of as an immersion in the sea, and to describe this tingo is used:

"Tingere se oceano properant soles hyberni." Virg. Georg. ii. 481. The winter suns haste to dip themselves in the ocean. Tingat equos gurgite Phœbus," Æ. xi. 914. Phœbus dips his horses in the deep.

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But to prove that it means immerse is needless; no one can deny it, nor is it the point at which I chiefly aim. This is, that like Barw, it loses all reference to the act of immersion, and comes to signify simply to dye or color in any way.

Of this there is a presumptive proof that is obvious even to those who do not understand the learned languages. It has given rise to the words tinge and tint in our language-and who that speaks of the rosy tints of morn, or of the sun tinging the clouds with golden light, would have the least thought of immersion? And is it probable that such senses would have passed from the Latin to our language, had tingo not passed from its original sense to that of dyeing or coloring in any mode?

But there is direct proof in the Latin classics of the same kind as exists with respect to βάπτω.

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Horace uses the word to denote the dyeing of wool, as tingere lanas murice;" Ovid, to denote the coloring of the hair and of ivory; Horace, to denote the coloring of the axe used in sacrificing the victims, as "victima pontificum secures cervice tinget ;" Virgil, Geor. iii. v. 492, to denote the malignant effects of a plague on cattle, mentions that they had scarce blood enough left to color the knives used to slay them.

Vix suppositi tinguntur sanguine cultri.

So in Georg. ii. v. 8. We have the words "Tinge crura musto," referring to the coloring or staining of the legs by the treading of the wine-press. In Pliny we have "Tingentium officina," shops of dyers, and in Cicero, Tincta, in the phrase " tincta absint," to denote colored things. It is followed by an accusative of the color, as in Pliny "tingere cœruleum," to dye blue. We have also in Lucretius, “Loca lumine tingunt nubes"—to tinge or color, that is to illuminate with light. See Forcellinus and Facciolatus, or Leverett's Lexicon, on the word.

Indeed on this word no less than on Barre we have the unequivocal concession of Dr. Carson, that it means to dye. "In Latin also, the same word, tingo, signifies both to dip and to dye." Carson, p. 54.

Facciolatus and Forcellinus, and Leverett, also give it the sense to moisten, to wet, and make it in this sense synonymous with réyy-from which indeed it is derived, and to my mind the examples adduced are abundantly sufficient to establish this sense. But on this it is needless to insist, as Dr. Carson professes not to be satisfied that this sense can be established, and for the present I wish to rely on facts concerning which there is no dispute.

In English, for the sake of contrast, I shall select the word to wash.

The original and common idea of this word is, undeniably, to cleanse by a purifying fluid, as water-and that, without respect to mode. Of these ideas in its progress it drops all, and assumes a meaning that involves neither to purify, nor to use a fluid at all.

As washing is often performed by a superficial application of a fluid, it often assumes this sense and loses entirely the idea of cleansing, as when we speak of washing a wound with brandy: or with some cooling application, to alleviate inflammation. In this case we aim not at cleansing but at medicinal effect. So we can speak of the sea as washing the shores or rocks, denoting not cleansing, but the copious superficial application of a fluid.

Again, as a superficial application of a fluid or a coloring

mixture is often made for the sake of changing the color, we have to white-wash, to red-wash, to yellow-wash; and the substances or fluid mixtures with which this is done, are called washes.

Next it drops the idea of a fluid at all, and assumes the sense of a superficial application of a solid-as to wash with silver or gold.

And here a remarkable coincidence in result, in words of meaning originally unlike, deserves notice, as a striking illustration of the progress of the mind in effecting such changes.

In Greek, Sára denotes originally to immerse-action alone, without reference to effect. In English wash denotes to cleanse or purify alone, without reference to mode. Yet by the operation of the laws of association, both are used to denote coloring, and both to denote covering superficially with silver or gold.

Finally, when we speak of the wash of a cow-yard, and call those places where deposits of earth or filth, or vegetable matter, are made, washes, who will contend that the idea of purity is retained?

Again, lustro denotes to purify, by certain religious rites, and especially by carrying around the victim previously to its being killed.

From this it passes to the idea of passing around or through— dropping the idea of purifying-as "Pythagoras Egyptum lustravit." Cicero Pythagoras traversed Egypt; "Navibus lustrandum æquor." Virg.-the ocean to be traversed with ships.

Hence it passes to the idea of observing, surveying, accurately examining, either with the eyes or the mind. "Totum lustrabat lumine corpus," Virg. He scrutinized, or examined his whole. body with his eyes. "Cum omnia ratione animoque lustraris," when you shall have surveyed and accurately examined all things by your reason and in your mind.

And what wider departure from the original sense to purify is possible? In Leveret xálagos is given as a synonyme of lustratio, and yet the same word is used to denote travelling from