and attended by an escort of four or five dragoons, (for the Sheriff is not at the expense of paying the dragoons.) Indeed, where needy or penurious High Sheriffs are nominated, and where the office of Sub Sheriff becomes an affair of indirect management, an improper and inefficient attendance upon the Circuit Judges is generally to be expected. However, thus attended, (or rather unattended) we drove through Callan; when a boy, about seven years old, flung a stone idly, either at the Sub-, Sheriff, or at the dragoons, or both. This was the entire outrage. I did not hear of it, until long afterwards, when the newspaper paragraplis led me to the inquiry; but my servants are ready to vouch the fact upon oath. This story, with prodigious exaggeration, has been since officiously circulated through. out the empire, in order to shew, that this country is in such a state of disturbance, that the going Judge of Assize was pelted with stones, or shot at, and in imminent danger of his life. Can any instance more strongly illustrate the propriety, nay, even the necessity, of a full and unreserved statement of the true and actual condition of Ireland, than the extraordinary currency which this paltry fabrication has received, and the avidity with which it has been magnified into a momentous and alarming event.

Gentlemen, I may, perhaps, be warranted in feeling a personal indignation at the mischievous abuse of my name, thus attempted, for the purpose of vilifying the coun. try; and, possibly, this impression may have partly led me to enter into the copious details and

observations with which I have this day troubled you.

Gentlemen, if you should feel that any of these observations are founded in truth and reason, you will give me, at least, the credit of upright motives for those, from which you may differ. I can have no other motive, indeed, than a hope of doing some public good, by inciting other persons to useful and meritorious actions. Other Judges have very frequently, and with great propriety, charged various Grand Juries upon the general state of this country, its disturbances, and the cause of its commotion; and some of them have ascribed those disturbances and commotions to a general spirit of disaffection and sedition. If I have a very different and far more consolatory view of the same subject, it cannot be improper or unbecoming my functions, to take the like opportunity of stating my judicial opinions, of enumerating the several causes, which in my fixed judgment have generated those disturbances, and have retarded peace and prosperity in this country; and distinctly pointing out the remedies and correctives proper for terminating all those mischiefs, and allaying all discontents. These considerations will, I trust, vindicate as well the motives as the propriety of my conduct in this respect, through every scrutiny, and against every cavil.

Gentlemen, you will now retire to your Jury room, and there dispose of such bills, and other official business, as shall come before you. Let all your private affairs, your settlements with tenants, your canvassing of freeholders, and such occupations, be postponed to ano

ther

ther opportunity. Be punctual and diligent, rather, indeed, for your own sakes than for mine. You will be the sooner released from duty; but as for me, I must, at all events, remain here during the allotted period of time. I have addressed you very much at large, with great sincerity of heart, with an earnest desire for your interests, and those of the public; and, may I hope, not wholly without effect.

doctrines of Grace, Faith, Justification, Sanctification, and Predestination go, these several points were called after him Calvinism. He became the great doctor of his age. O le grand homme! Il n'y a ancien a comparer a lui. II a si bien intendu l'escriture. Solus Calvinus in Theologicis: exclaims, even Joseph Scaliger.

Whether Calvin was so great or good a man, as it was the fashion of the times to consider him, making no part of our inquiry, it is not necessary to deliver an ex

CAMBRIDGE.

doctrines maintained by him were those taught in England as the

University.

This, perhaps, might be the place for considering theological literature: but, however interesting, it would introduce more controversy, and must be more multifarious than suits our brevity: besides, theological matters will be Occasionally interspersed throughout this history, and in some measure, have been anticipated already; the less, therefore, need be introduced here; the leading theological doctrines, on which the Reformation of the sixteenth century turned, being the same as those taught by Wickliffe, in the fourteenth. These doctrines being those afterwards maintained by Calvin, in his Institutions, concerning "the knowledge of God the Creator," and "the knowledge of God the Redeemer," have been since called Calvinistic. For though Calvin's Institutions contains but little new, yet, being a judicious compilation of St. Augustine's works, so far as the

and, of course, were the theological doctrines of the University of Cambridge.

The Reformed, at first, or the pretended reformed, as the French Catholics used to call them, almost all favoured the doctrines of Calvin, and prided themselves in having as good a uniformity as the Church of Rome itself, that had taunted them with having no regular, uniform belief. They accordingly published a Concord of Faith, a Corpus Confessionum : these being all Calvinistic, and the confession of the Church of England being one among them, it follows, that the Church of England was, at the time, Calvinistic. To this may be added, what Mr. Collins says, and with truth, in a discourse of freethinking, "that our priests, for many years after the Reformation, were generally Calvinists or Predestinarians, is evident from the Bibles printed in queen Elizabeth's time, to which are often added an apology for predestination, answering the com

mon

mon objections of Atheists, Deists, Socinians, and Libertines, against the saving doctrine of the Gospel; from the suffrage of the divines of Great Britain, delivered by them to the Synod of Dort, March 16, 1619, as the sense of the Church of England; where the five points, as they are called, are all determined on the Calvinistical side, agreeably to the decisions of the holy Synod; and lastly, from all their books, to the time of bishop Laud." The writers differed about Episcopacy and Presbyterianism; but, in general, they agreed about Predestination.

That this was the doctrine taught at Cambridge, appears, not only from the general tenor of the writings of their divines, at the Reformation, but more particularly from the decisions in particular controversies, that were afterwards agitated in the University, and from several letters among the English MSS. in the public library, written at the time of the Reformation, at Cambridge; among which might be noticed those of Bradford, the martyr, Cranmer, and Ridley, all of whom were of Cambridge, and all of whose writings breathe Calvinism. Indeed, at the time alluded to, Freewillers were persecuted as heretics.

From the time of Archbishop Laud, in the reign of James I. the theology of our universities took an Arminian turn. There is no evidence, indeed, that James himself ever made a formal renunciation of his Calvinistic creed; but it was his interest to elevate the Arminians: so Arminianism gained ascendancy at Cambridge; and continued to do so through successive reigns: but, further, who

ever peruses the above Discourse on Freethinking, by Mr. Collins, and Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr. William Whiston, written by himself, (both men of learning themselves, and of Cambridge,) will see abundant proof, that, be the public creed in an university what it may, men of learning will often choose to have a creed of their own; and that philosophy and mathematics have a tendency to swerve from strict Orthodoxy. Nothing is more certain, than that many of the learned men of Cambridge have not shaped their conceptions to the creeds of either Calvin or Arminius: but the general theological literature of the place may be referred to the five points, as they are called, according to the theori s of one or other of those doctors. For the last century, Free-will bas decidedly triumphed accordingly, Tillotsons and Sherlocks, &c. became their favourite divines. The writer, who more professedly and clearly stated the five points, according to the system of the Arminians, or Freewillers, is Dr. Whitby, who flourished in the middle of the last century and this must suffice for the Theological Literature of Cambridge.

UNIVERSITY OF CHARKOW.

the

the place more flourishing: for, excepting some public buildings which have been repaired for the use of the university, no change of consequence has taken place here, and the number of inhabitants amounting to 6000, has not increased in any considerable degree. Among the professors of Charkow I found some Germans well known by their works, but who seemed to me not to be exactly in their element here. This observation applies to most of the Gerrnans, who, when no longer young, emigrate to Russia and enter into the service of the Crown, if they are not appointed to situations in Petersburg and Moskwa. It is however in some measure their own fault. Many of them, for instance, neglect to learn the Russian language, under the idea that they have no occasion for it, and expect the natives to converse with them in a foreign idiom. This is unreasonable; for, when a man resides in a country and receives a salary from the government of that country, he ought certainly to take the trouble to learn its language. Again, the Germans would have every thing to proceed in Russia just as it does in their own country, and most of them insist on this point with such obstinacy as to excite the hatred of the Russians. They also in general think them selves wiser and better than their new countrymen, and in betraying these sentiments to the latter they prove that they are neither the one nor the other. This conduct occasions circumstances 'extremely unpleasant to themselves; but in the Russians, who are accustomed to take things more easily, it creates contempt and aversion for these

strangers. I have often wondered in silence at the blindness of selfconceited foreigners, who fancied themselves esteemed by all, and perceived not that wherever they appeared they were the objects of universal derision. In my opinion, therefore, only such young Germans should go to Russia, as are yet capable of adapting themselves to the way of thinking and acting in that country.

The building appropriated to the university is spacious, and according to report is about to be still further enlarged; but the number of the students would be very small had it not been augmented by a recent ordinance of the emperor, according to which no person shall be appointed to any civil employment unless he has studied at some Russian university, nor any individual without a previous examination in the sciences be promoted to a staff officer, or from a collegiate counsellor to a counsellor of state.

The idea of founding an university at Charkow was not of itself a bad one, because many opulent gentry whose sons might have be nefitted by it resided in that vicinity. But in Russia there is yet too little taste for learning, and the old French mode of education is still too fashionable; on which account people of rank and fortune very seldom avail themselves of the advantages offered by universities and other semiuaries. It was likewise an exceedingly injudicious step to attempt to introduce knowledge into Russia by means of foreigners, and to raise a fabric which requires the labour of ages, as expeditiously as a triumphal arch may be patched up. The only method of effec tually promoting the diffusion of

science