reminiscences the labour is sweet to them. This idealistic motive will assist in turning traders into agriculturists. It is to this idea that some twenty larger and smaller colonies owe their existence. It is owing to this motive that the great Palestine Committee in Odessa, under the presidency of Dr. Pinsker, is able annually to give land and tools to Jewish peasants to the value of 200,000 frcs., that there is in Jaffa an Executive Committee, presided over by the engineer Vl. Temkin, that in London enormous meetings are being held in favour of the Palestine idea, that limited companies have arisen, like the Dorsche Zion in Minsk, in Kovno, in Bialystok, in Wilna, as well as in Warsaw, Riga, etc., which intend to buy land in Palestine for their members, to be repaid to them by instalments. (4) The more civilized and intelligent class of Russian Jews will also be induced to go to Palestine for the purpose of following agricultural pursuits.

The students concluded by saying that they were willing to seek for happiness and safety by readily submitting to the harvest labour in the fields of Palestine. "Then we shall be enabled to pass a happy life, for enthusiasm will make our paths straight, and provide us with a healthy courage." The document bore sixty-four signatures.

LXXVIII

THE JEWISH COLONIES IN PALESTINE

(The figures are taken mostly from the Report of the Jewish Colonisation Association for 1910.)

1 The Mikveh Israel Colony is situated outside of Jaffa, to the south. The Alliance Israélite Universelle has here a fine and large agricultural school for Jews. At the time of our visit-in 1914-about 150 pupils were

enrolled. Some of them we found in the well-kept garden, weeding and hoeing. Others were engaged in planting through a newly planted vineyard. Still another group were piling brush and rubbish; while a considerable number were in classrooms undergoing just then an examination in the theoretical branches of study. They were a fine and manly-looking lot of young men and boys, mostly Russian-Jews. The glow of health was on their cheeks. They had none of the hunted and depressed look which has been imprinted upon millions of Jews by persecution and oppression. It seemed to us that, in a minor sense, these young Jews were already lifting up their heads because of the drawing nigh of the redemption of their land and their nation. They looked as though it afforded them great satisfaction to till the soil of the land, which some day must be the happy home of their people. There was a quiet modesty, coupled with justifiable pride, in their bearing.

1870

150

1882

2,612

Agricultural School of the " Alliance Israélite Universelle ";
100 pupils, 15 teachers and officials. Manager: M. Krause,
Plantations. School for boys and girls. Kindergarten.
Religious school "Netzah Israel." People's Hall
(Bet Am) with library and orchestra. Great wine cellar
and centre of the wine trade.

Founded in commemoration of Dr. Leo
(Jehuda) Pinsker. Dwellings for labourers,
colony is situated in the neighbourhood of Rishon.
Plantations; vines, olives and almonds. School for boys and
girls. Kindergarten. Religious school "Netzah Israel."
Zoological collections of Dr. Ah'roni. Place of the
yearly celebration "Chagigah."
Vineyards and

Plantations. School for boys and girls.

gardens planted by J.C.A. for the labourers of the
neighbouring colonies." Kindergarten. Bee-keeping.
Agriculture, Plantations. School for boys and girls. Kinder-
garten. Religious school. Most of the colonists were
engaged in agricultural work in Russia.

Plantations, Agriculture. School for boys and girls. Religious
school" Netzah Israel." This colony was founded by
the Bilu pioneers.

Agriculture. Religious school "Netzah Israel." This colony was founded by the Odessa Chovové Zion.

In the early stages of colonization. The land was bought by two companies of Russian Jews, and is cultivated by a group of labourers.

Kind of work, institutions, etc.

Colony of labourers. Plantations. Was founded by Dagestan
Jews.

Jewish National Fund Domain. In this colony the so-called
Herzl Forest (of olive trees) in commemoration of
Herzl is planted.

J.N.F. Domain and Farm.

Second part of the Herzl
Forest. Houses for Yemenite Jews. Agricultural
institutions and experiments (Mr. I. Wilkanski).

In the early stages of colonization.

In the early stages of colonization. Cultivated by a group of labourers.

School for boys and girls. The first settlers
were Bulgarian Jews, Sephardim. Now property of Mr.
Isaac Goldberg of Wilna.

Agriculture, three-quarters of an hour from Jerusalem.
Synagogue. Mill. Vines and vegetable-growing.

In the early stages of colonization.

Plantations. The largest colony in the country. Schools
for boys and girls. Centre of the religious schools
(Dr. Auerbach). Home for orphans. Soup kitchen for
labourers. Agricultural school.
Settlement for Yemenite Jews.

Settlement for labourers.

Founded by Chovevé Zion for
the Petah-Tikvah labourers (a little house and orchard
for every family).

In the early stages of colonization.

Property of one of the American Achuzah Companies.
Agriculture.

Belong to the Jewish Colonization Association-not inhabited.

Plantations, mostly almonds. Occupied by a little group of labourers.