Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise: Dynamics of Scientific ProgressSpringer Science & Business Media, 7 Şub 2009 - 216 sayfa It is generally believed that doing science means accumulating empirical data with no or little reference to the interpretation of the data based on the scientist’s th- retical framework or presuppositions. Holton (1969a) has deplored the widely accepted myth (experimenticism) according to which progress in science is presented as the inexorable result of the pursuit of logically sound conclusions from un- biguous experimental data. Surprisingly, some of the leading scientists themselves (Millikan is a good example) have contributed to perpetuate the myth with respect to modern science being essentially empirical, that is carefully tested experim- tal facts (free of a priori conceptions), leading to inductive generalizations. Based on the existing knowledge in a field of research a scientist formulates the guiding assumptions (Laudan et al. , 1988), presuppositions (Holton, 1978, 1998) and “hard core” (Lakatos, 1970) of the research program that constitutes the imperative of presuppositions, which is not abandoned in the face of anomalous data. Laudan and his group consider the following paraphrase of Kant by Lakatos as an important guideline: philosophy of science without history of science is empty. Starting in the 1960s, this “historical school” has attempted to redraw and replace the positivist or logical empiricist image of science that dominated for the first half of the twentieth century. Among other aspects, one that looms large in these studies is that of “guiding assumptions” and has considerable implications for the main thesis of this monograph (Chapter 2). |
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Niaz Chap_02pdf | 9 |
Niaz Chap_03pdf | 27 |
Niaz Chap_04pdf | 44 |
Niaz Chap_05pdf | 55 |
Niaz Chap_06pdf | 74 |
Niaz Chap_07pdf | 97 |
Niaz Chap_08pdf | 120 |
Niaz Chap_10pdf | 139 |
Niaz Chap_11pdf | 149 |
Niaz Chap_12pdf | 158 |
Niaz Chap_13pdf | 167 |
Niaz Chap_14pdf | 175 |
Referencespdf | 187 |
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According to Lakatos alpha particles atomic theory atomic weight Baconian inductive ascent Bohm Bohr Bohr's Broglie Broglie's cathode rays Chapter chemical chemistry textbooks conceptual considered controversy covalent bond cubic atom deflection Duhem Dynamics of Scientific Dyson eclipse experiments Eddington Ehrenhaft Einstein's theory electrons elementary electrical charge elements emphasis added empirical experimental data experimental evidence explain facilitate following terms fractional charges Franklin heuristic heuristic principle historical reconstruction history of science Holton hypothesis ideas Interestingly interpretation J.J. Thomson kinetic theory Kuhn Lakatos Maxwell's Mendeleev methodology Michelson-Morley experiment Millikan molecules nature of science Newton Niaz notebooks observations oil drop experiment original italics periodic law periodic table Perl philosophers of science photoelectric Physical Science physicists physics textbooks plausible to suggest postulate predictions presented presuppositions progressive problemshift quantitative quantum mechanics quarks recognized reproduced research program role Rutherford scientific progress scientific theories scientists Sobral theoretical Thomson understanding wave-particle duality