High-rise Building Structures

A36 steel approximate Architectural assumed axial forces base shear beam bearing wall behavior belt trusses bending bracing Building Code building Fig building structure building's cantilever caused Center CENTRAL CORE chord compressive stresses construction cross wall dead load deflection deformation diagonals diaphragms distribution dynamic earthquake elements exterior columns F₁ facade factor flange floor level floor structure ft above grade ft-k ft² girders gravity loads grid high-rise buildings hinged horizontal increase inflection points interior lateral forces lateral loads live load masonry material maximum midspan panels perimeter planes reduced resist response restraint rigid frame building roof rotational seismic shape shear stress shear wall space frame span spandrel stiffness structural system tall buildings temperature tensile stresses tubular typical Uniform Building Code V₁ Vierendeel Vierendeel truss W₁ wall Fig wall system wind action wind forces wind loads wind pressure wind velocity yields