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land which is partly covered with brush or stumps and is indeterminate, being occasionally used for pasturage or cultivation, or having run to young brush.

4. Cultivable land is to be considered of one variety only-that upon which any kind of cultivated crop, including orchards and seeded hay, is grown.

5. Waste or desert land is to be indicated as of one class only, including sand dunes, sea beaches, salt marshes, and steep rocky slopes barren of timber. In the classification of deserts in the arid region particular attention is to be paid to the question of possible irrigation and to the location of reservoir sites.

6. The classifications are to be made graphically, preferably on tracing linen placed over the field sheets. This may be done in pencil on the field sheets, in which event the outlines should be transferred to tracing linen at the end of each day, using colored ink or pencils for each of the four principal classifications, as follows: Green for woodland; blue for pasture land; red for cultivable land; black for waste or desert land.

7. The graphic classification is to be supplemented by notes, to be kept for each area described, on two facing pages of book No. 9-896. On one page should be marked, on a diagram of a shape corresponding to that of the atlas sheet, the locality described; on the other page, the description referring to the area indicated on the diagram. (a) Woodland should be described by reference to the principal species of trees and their relative abundance or percentage, distinguishing them by their common names, as pine, fir, cedar, oak, chestnut, maple, hickory, etc.; (b) pasture or grass land should be described according to its crop; (e) cultivable land should be described according to the predominant character of the crops grown, as forage, grain, small fruits, orchards, vegetables, etc.; (d) waste or desert land should be distinguished according as it is sand, rock, alkali or other barren kind.

8. The information obtained will be published by a combination of colors as overprints on the topographic sheets, with a description on the back of the sheet, and it is expected that great care will be exercised in securing sufficient data for the purpose above mentioned.

This manuscript material will be published at some future time, but for the present it is available for inspection and copy in the office of the Director of the United States Geological Survey at Washington. This work has already proven of considerable value to those engaged in studying the forest resources of the State and of plans to improve existing woodland, and it is also being made use of by agricultural experiment stations and colleges.

OFFICE WORK.

During the winter seasons of 1899-1900 and 1900-1901, all field work was suspended and all temporary employes discharged. The party chiefs, all of whom are topographers or assistant topographers, appointed to the permanent force of the United States Geological Survey by the Secretary of the Interior on certification of the United States Civil Service Commission, proceeded to Washington, where they were engaged in office work. This included the computation of the field notes of primary control; the adjustment and arrangement for publication of the results of the leveling, and the drafting of the final topographic maps from the field sheets. A small edition of forty copies each of these latter were photolithographed as soon as completed and copies were sent the State Commissioners, members of the State Legislature and the Pennsylvania Representatives and Senators in Congress, who represented the areas shown on the maps.

The following list enumerates these atlas sheets, twenty-four in all, representing the topography of 4,118 square miles of the area of the State. Their position is shown on the accompanying progress

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PUBLICATION OF MAPS.

As soon as each sheet is drawn up in office and photolithographed it is transmitted to the engraving division of the United States Geological Survey, where it is engraved on three separate copper plates, one for printing culture in black, the second for printing drainage in blue and the third for printing surface relief in brown. When engraved the copper plate proofs are transferred to lithographic stone and an edition of 2,000 copies each is printed and sold at the office of the United States Geological Survey in Washington, at five cents per sheet. This work is done solely at the expense of the Federal bureau. A limited number of proofs are furnished to the State Commissioners for their use, and a copy of each is forwarded to each member of the State Legislature, member of Congress, United States Senators, the Governor, etc. In addition, about 1,000 cards, advertising the sale are annually mailed prominent residents of the State.

There have been issued from the engraving division of the United States Geological Survey, since co-operation with that Bureau, seventeen atlas sheets, as enumerated in the following list, thus making the total of the State represented by the sheets published, including those sheets the areas of which were mapped prior to co-operation, 10,785 square miles, or 24 per cent., nearly one-fourth of the total area of the State:

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The following forty-two sheets, representing 6,667 square miles of the area of the State, were surveyed and published prior to the arranging of a co-operative survey:

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*Philadelphia and vicinity includes Chester, Germantown, Norristown and Philadelphia sheets.

APPENDIX A.

LEGISLATIVE ACT AND CONTRACTS.

The Governor to appoint a commis

sion.

Survey and map authorized.

Necessary expenses.

Commission, power of, duties, etc.

The map.

$20,000 appropriated for 1899.

AN ACT

To authorize the topographic and geological survey of the
State in co-operation with the United States Geological
Survey.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That the Governor be and is hereby authorized to appoint a commission, to consist of three citizens of this State, to confer with the Director or Representative of the United States Geological Survey and to accept its co-operation with this State in the preparation and completion of a contour topographic and geological survey and map of this State, which is hereby authorized to be made. Said commission shall serve without pay, but all its necessary expenses shall, on approval by the Governor, be paid out of the State Treasury. Said commission shall have power to arrange with the Director or Representatives of the Untied States Geological Survey concerning this survey and map, its scale, method of execution, form, and all details of the work, in behalf of this State, and may accept or reject the work executed by the United States Geological Survey. And it is hereby provided that said map shall accurately show the outlines of all townships, counties and extensive wooded areas in this States, as existing on the ground at the time of the execution of these surveys; the location of all roads, railroads, streams, canals, lakes and rivers, and shall show by contour lines the elevation and depression of the surface of the country, also location of coal, oil, natural gas and clay bearing formations.

Section 2. For the prosecution of this survey, the sum of twenty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated, for the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine, and twenty thousand dollars for the year

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