The total expenditure on topographic surveying during the two years 1899 and 1900, including office work, triangulation and the completion of several partial sheets prior to June 30, 1901, was $78,883.24. The total area mapped in this time was the equivalent of about 5,040 square miles, including unfinished areas. Hence, the average cost of this work was about $14.85 per square mile. This is undoubtedly a higher rate of cost than is likely to be averaged for the remainder of the State, because of the relatively large amount of primary triangulation, precise leveling and other preparatory work done during the past two years. It, therefore, seems probable that the original estimate of $15 per square mile for the whole State will not be exceeded.

The total area of the State is 45,215 square miles. The topographic map of the State will ultimately be published by the United State Geological Survey in the form of 223 atlas sheets, and twice as many sheets with as many more pages of text will be required for the geologic atlas. Including 6,680 square miles mapped by the United States Geological Survey alone prior to co-operation, as set forth in Appendix B of this report, at a cost of $54,260, the total area mapped to June 30, 1901, was 10,798 square miles, or onefourth of the State, and the total outlay was $133,143.24. The results have been published on sixty atlas sheets, as enumerated on pages 30-31. Hence, there remain unmapped about 34,417 square miles, while a portion of the area mapped prior to 1899 will have to be revised to bring it up to date.

RESULTS.

Your Commissioners confidently believe that the results achieved during these first two years of initial work are fully as great as could have been anticipated. The work had to be planned and the basal groundwork of control created from the beginning. The topographic mapping of 4,118 square miles. or nearly one-tenth of the State, and covering portions of twenty-two separate counties, was finally completed. The results have been drafted in office on twentyfour atlas sheets, each 16x20 inches in dimension. Of these fifteen have been engraved, and editions of 2,000 copies of each published, while preliminary photolithographs of the remaining nine have been issued. The engraving of these is well advanced and they will soon be published. Moreover, the field work of the spring of 1901 added about 500 square miles to the above net result. Primary control for future mapping has been extended over 13,225 square miles, or nearly one-third of the State, which furnished control for mapping forty-eight fifteen-minute quadrangles, covering portions of twenty-eight counties, thus affording a much wider

field from which to select the areas for future map work. Precise levels have been to the extent of 533 miles into every portion of the State. Finally, geologic mapping was completed over an area of 1,000 square miles, and engraved maps and printed reports embodying the results are nearing completion.

OBJECTS OF THE SURVEY.

An experience of two years has demonstrated conclusively the wisdom of the plan adopted by the Legislature for the survey and study of the extent and character of the economic resources with which nature has so bountifully provided this State. Already the activity in working its mines, quarries and forests, had reached the point where the raw materials were insufficient to fill the demands, and new sources of supply were being sought in neighboring States. The old method of trusting to the energy of private enterprise to extend the limits of the known coal, oil, gas, cement and other mineral bearing formations, had ceased to meet increased demands, and they were being sought in cheaper markets. More modern methods for the systematic and scientific examination of the whole State were essential if all its resources were to be fully exploited and developed.

As has been amply proven in other portions of the United States and abroad, this could only be accomplished by a painstaking and exhaustive geological survey of every portion of the State. To be sure two such surveys had been carried on in earlier years at an expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars. They were prosecuted, however, only over limited chosen areas in which economic minerals were believed or known to exist. Moreover, their results, though ample for the time and its needs, were meagre compared with the demands of the feverish enterprise of the present day. That much more remained to be done and to be learned was evident and that a new geological survey might accomplish the desired result was certain, since great advances have necessarily been made in the past quarter of a century in the scope and methods of such work as in every other branch of human activity. It is not to the discredit of our Second Geological Survey that its results do not accomplish more for us to-day. As the horse car or lamp light of twenty-five years ago are inadequate to meet the demands for speed and light of an advanced civilization, so were the methods then known for exploiting nature's resources inadequate to meet the demands of an increased economic activity.

One of the essential prerequisites of a modern geological survey was an accurate and detailed topographic map on which to plat the outlines of the various mineral formations and to discuss and interpret the results. Such a map must not only show the relations of the various superficial features in horizontal plan but also their varying relative differences in altitude. This was essential that the depth or absence of economic deposits below the surface might be ascertained and is accomplished by mapping the changes in altitude and slope of every foot of ground by lines of equal elevation, called contour lines.

An incident to the making of these maps was that it became possible at the same time and at no increase in cost to map the outlines of the wooded and cleared lands. This furnishes the preliminary data for a more exhaustive study of the timber resources of the State. Also, the base on which to plat and discuss the results of soil surveys and thus aid the extension and diversification of the more suitable agricultural crops.

Moreover, these maps, by showing the outlines, slopes and area of the drainage basins of all streams, furnish the preliminary data on which a more exhaustive study of the water supplies of the State may be made. The hydrographic branch of the United States Geological Survey will conduct the measurement of the discharge of the various streams through a period of years and the results will show where the most suitable water supplies are to be sought for the development of power or the domestic supply of cities.

THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP AND ITS USES.

Good topographic maps are invaluable adjuncts to the administration of State or Federal Government. From them congressmen and legislators can discover needed information bearing upon problems involved in the management of State canals, highways and similar public works. Government and State military forces use these maps in the location of arsenals, encampment grounds or in planning military operations. Such maps serve one of their greatest purposes as a base on which to add fence-lines, ditches and other obstructions during war times.

As these maps show the undulations of the surfaces over which roads pass, their bends, and the relative distances upon them, the difficulties of travel can be ascertained from their inspection, as well as new roads planned and highway improvements projected. For

estry bureau and commissions can indicate on them the outlines of wooded areas, besides noting the slopes on which these woods are situated and their relation to highways and other modes of transportation. The legal department of the State finds these maps of service in discussing political or property boundaries. Stage lines, express or telegraph companies use such maps in determining the routes which they shall occupy. Sources of water supply for city service can be accurately ascertained and the relations of the work in hand intelligently discussed.

An examination of the topographic maps made by all foreign countries, as well as such as have been made in this country, has led the United States Geological Survey, as well as the states which have co-operated with it, to adopt a scale of approximately one mile to one inch as that most suitable for a general topographic map. On this can be exhibited all minor details of drainage, roads and houses. In addition, it has been found that a contour interval of 20 feet best expressed the general surface formation of the country. The topographic maps made by the United States Geological Survey are printed in three colors, the water features are shown in blue, the surface forms or contours in brown, and the culture, or features constructed by man, as roads and villages, are printed in black. The wooded areas are indicated in green on the manuscript maps for office reference.

A brief recapitulation of the import of the above will prove conclusively the wisdom of co-operation with the Federal Government for the accomplishment of the object sought, and the State is to be heartily congratulated upon the wisdom of the legislation which has enabled it to accept the benefits of the same at the earliest date. Among other facts,

1. The State will secure for $7.50 per square mile, or at half the actual cost for making the same, an accurate topographic map of its entire area.

2. This is the base on which engineers will make preliminary plans for railroads, inter-urban electric railways, improved highways, city water supplies and sewage systems, thus saving to private enterprise and public works many thousands of dollars for preliminary surveys.

3. On these maps the co-operative survey will study the geology and economic resources of the State and point out the direction in which further development may be sought, and the expense to the State will be but half the cost of the actual field and office work.

4. With these maps completed the Federal Government will be prepared to at once push its further studies for the development of the other resources of the State.

a. It will, through the hydrographic division of the Geological Survey, examine and measure the water supplies of the streams. b. Through the Division of Mineral Resources of the same Bureau, it will collect and tabulate the statistics of mineral production.

c. Through the Division of Soils of the Department of Agriculture, it will plat on the topographic map the outlines of the various soils and will thus be able to classify the lands and point out the localities best suited to the cultivation of each crop.

d. Through the Bureau of Forestry of the same Department, it will indicate on these maps the areas, kinds and amounts of the various merchantable woods and thus facilitate the development of the lumber interests of the State.

5. All of the last four follow as a natural corollary of the first and at no additional cost to the State.

It is important to note that the results of the co-operative topographic and geological survey will be engraved on maps and printed in reports for general distribution at great cost to the Federal Survey, but at no additional cost to the State. That no such result could possibly be achieved by the State alone is evident. It would take years to develop a Bureau capable of offering sufficient permanance of employment to secure the services of experts of national reputation, also to acquire the instruments and develop the skilful assistants needed on such work. This accomplished, the work could scarcely be planned on broad enough lines to render it of immediate use in prosecuting the investigation of the other Federal bureaus. Nor could its findings be as conclusive as those of the United States Geological Survey, which is at the same time studying kindred problems in all the neighboring states, New York, Maryland, West Virginia and Ohio, thus permitting it to seek the solution of intricate problems over a continental field of investigation, if necessary. Finally, the cost alone of publication of the results on copper plate maps would be prohibitive and cheaper processes would detract from the utility and permanence of the same.

Your Commission takes great pleasure in testifying in this place to the excellent good feeling and perfect harmony which has charac-. terized all its dealing with the Federal officers. There has been shown at all times a helpful spirit of mutual trust which has resulted from each party meeting promptly necessary financial obligations, regardless of the exact relative state of the outlays of either. Thus, when State funds were not yet available in the beginning or had been exhausted at the last, the Federal Survey willingly bore the burden alone. Likewise, when the long session of Congress had not appropriated early enough in the summer of 1900 to permit of reaping the full benefit of an early field season, the State Commissioners bore for a time the larger burden of expenditure. In like manner, the wishes of the Commissioners, regarding the order in which vari