two temperaments--the muscular and the nervous; if one predominated, the individual would be remarkable for his strength, and if the other, for his activity.

But since we are so constituted that we are continually wasting, it is necessary to have organs to repair the waste; and in pursuing the study of these nourishing organs, it becomes necessary to class them into systems, and consider the effect which each system will have upon the constitu tion when predominant.

DIGESTIVE OR LYMPHATIC TEMPERAMENT.

First, then, the digestive system when predominant over the arterial and venous, supplies more nourishment than the growth and maintenance of the body requires. The superabundance is deposited in the form of fat between the fibres of the muscles, under the skin, and around the heart, arteries, &c. The muscles receive a useless load, which lumbers them and renders their action more slow and difficult; the arteries do not send the blood with so much vigour and rapidity to the brain; the muscles do not contract so forcibly, and the whole constitution becomes partially clogged. The fat settling under the skin, is the cause that persons of this temperament are pale and dull, as the transparency of the skin admits the colour of the fat to appear through it. It also gives roundness to the features, and covers the muscles and nerves with fat, so as to prevent them from being easily impressed and excited by external circumstances. They are therefore dull of apprehension.

Such persons never can rise to great eminence, even if they possess good mental powers.

These remarks must be understood to apply to extreme cases of the lymphatic temperament; but there are many

degrees of it: in some persons it is manifested in so slight a degree, that it requires close observation to detect it; and this is equally true of the other temperaments.

The female sex generally have so much of the lymphatic as to give a soft and yielding consistence to their flesh, and a roundness to their forms. Combined to the nervous temperament, it gives a peculiar delicacy to the constitution, especially if the oseous and muscular systems are moderately developed. It gives moderation to the movements of the muscles, and adds to their bulk, without increasing their strength. Such persons are easily fatigued, and prefer situations where little exertion is necessary. Cæsar said: "Let me have fat men about me, I like not that lean haggard Cassius." The restless, discontented, revolutionary spirit never inhabits a lymphatic tenement. may be seen among those who sit in the midst of luxury without being compelled to labour; in market places, in coffee houses, and in the dwellings of idlers.

The lymphatic temperament tends to check the activity of the nervous and muscular systems.

ARTERIAL OR SANGUINE TEMPERAMENT.

When the arterial system is most fully developed, we see the muscles and nerves nourished and stimulated to the highest degree; and as they are the organs that produce motion, the consequence is that such individuals will love to be in motion; they will be fond of all kinds of exercise, and industry will be natural to them. The brain also will be nourished and stimulated to the most energetic action. Individuals of this temperament are well qualified for situations where all the organs, both bodily and mental, can have a share of exercise. They frequently make poor

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students, even when they are possessed of good intellectual powers, because study is too confining to them; they cannot keep still long enough to learn their lessons from books, but they well soon learn any operation the performance of which allows them a variety of exercise.

It has also been remarked that persons of this temperament are prone to "sensual pleasure."

By sensual pleasure, is understood, the enjoyment produced by the exercise of the bodily organs--in sporting, dancing, wrestling, boxing, eating, drinking, &c. This proneness will be, in a great degree, modified by the relative development of the phrenological organs.

If a man has combativeness and destructiveness large, he will be fond of hunting, because that will be a kind of exercise that will gratify at once his largest and most active organs, both of brain and body. But if combativeness and destructiveness be very small, an ardent temperament alone will not be sufficient to induce him to chase and destroy innocent animals. Yet if alimentiveness be very large, he will be apt to exercise in eating and drinking. He would make a good landlord, for he would not only be spontaneously active, but he would direct his activity to this particular subject.

It is the organs in the brain that dispose us to pleasure of all kinds; but when the body is highly excited and nourished by the blood, the individual will be likely to use those organs of the brain the gratification of which will give activity to the body; and these are principally alimentiveness, destructiveness, combativeness, amativeness and playfulness. It is the gratification of these propensities that constitutes what is meant by the phrase, "sensual pleasure."

The signs of this temperament are, an animated countenance, florid complexion, blue eyes, and yellow or brown hair; the form and features are generally more handsomely

developed, and combined as they are with a rosy complexion, and ardent passionate feelings, young persons of this constitution are more interesting to each other than those of other temperaments.

VENOUS OR BILIOUS TEMPERAMENT.

The partial independence of the different organs and systems of organs of the constitution, has not been sufficiently insisted upon by physiologists. Although it is true that

"All are but parts of one amazing whole,"

yet it is equally true that each system of organs is to a certain extent independent of the other systems.

It is generally taken for granted by authors, that the venous system is in proportion to the arterial, and the two are spoken of as a whole, under the name of the sanguineous system. But after much observation and reflection, I am satisfied that the arterial system sometimes predominates, and sometimes the venous; and that what is called the sanguineous temperament, is produced by the predominance of the arterial system, while the bilious temperament is produced by the predominance of the venous. see no good reason why the venous or arterial systems may not predominate over each other, as well as the muscular and nervous.

It is undoubtedly true that when the constitution is in perfect harmony, the arterial and venous systems will bear a regular proportion to each other, but this harmony is seldom found.

The truth is, any organ or system of organs in the constitution, may predominate in size over the others. It is upon this principle that the whole science of Phrenology is founded, and it is only upon this principle that temperaments

can be philosophically explained. Strictly speaking, there may be as many different temperaments as there are organs in the constitution, and each of these may be combined so as to produce an infinite variety. This is one reason that there are not two persons in the world alike; because some organ or combination of organs predominates in one that does not in another. But it is impossible to tell what organ produces the peculiarity in every individual instance; we are therefore under the necessity of classing together those organs that perform similar functions, and when the whole class predominates in any person, he is said to be of a certain temperament.

In conformity with these views, I have explained the different systems that compose the human constitution, and the temperament that each produces.

In order to understand the effects of the venous temperament, the following facts must be borne in mind.

FIRST, The veins contain about two thirds more blood than the arteries.

SECOND, The blood moves much slower through the veins than it does through the arteries.

THIRD, The blood is not so warm in the veins as it is in the arteries.

FOURTH, The blood of the veins is of a much darker color than that of the arteries.