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designed to produce obedience to government. When first discovered by Dr. Gall, it was denominated theosophy, or the disposition to worship God; because he found it large in extraordinary catholic devotees, and in others who were remarkably religious. Dr. Spurzheim, finding it large on many who made no pretensions to religion, but who were yet much disposed to reverence the great, changed the name to that of Reverence. Spurzheim says, "though devout persons have elevated heads, yet not every one who possesses the cerebral part in question is devout and religious. In all the busts and portraits of Voltaire, it is represented as much developed, and certainly he was not religious. I have also found the organ very considerable in an individual who assured me that he did not believe in the existence of God. Man, in my opinion, arrived at the belief in a Supreme Being, by means of his reflective faculties; since that is an effect without a cause. Gall first observed this organ in individuals in the act of adoring God, and saints in the exercise of devotion. My observations induce me to consider its special faculty as the sentiment of reverence in general, without determining the object to be reverenced, or the manner of reverence. By its agency man adores God, venerates saints, and respects persons and things." Mr. George Combe, although he named it the organ of Veneration, does not essentially differ from the views of Dr. Spurzheim.

I consider it the propensity to submit; and veneration, reverence, and respect, are feelings which are produced by Submissiveness: whereas worship, condescension, obedience and submission, are the actions which follow those feelings. In children, the parent is the proper object to excite this propensity; next the schoolmaster; and then the magistrate, the governor, the president, or the king demand obedience to their authority; and if they are endowed with wisdom,

and power, and integrity, they will so affect this propensity, in all well constituted minds, as to produce the feeling of respect, reverence, veneration, modified by circumstances and by combination with other powers. Superiority of any kind, but particularly in government, is calculated to call it into action; this being the case, as soon as an individual believes in the existence of a God, of infinite attributes, this propensity will naturally be excited towards him: but it is plain, that a man will not be disposed to submit to a power, the very existence of which he denies. This explains the various observations which have been made by Gall and Spurzheim in regard to the connection between religion and this organ. A man who has large Conscientiousness and Submissiveness, will submit with great pleasure whenever he believes it to be his duty to do so; but he will readily rebel against a false religion or an unjust government, and endeavor to establish one in its place, which is congenial to all his feelings. If Submissiveness is small and Conscientiousness and Cautiousness very large, he then may submit, but he will not do so with pleasure-it will be with him a mere form, which, as soon as possible, will be dispensed with he cannot be a devotee. He may act according to the law, because he deems it just; but he will feel little reverence for the law-giver: he will obey commands, because he approves them, and not because they emanate from one whom he reveres. In religion, morals, and government, he will insist upon the essentials, the spirit, the meaning of the rules, but will be indifferent with regard to the mere ceremonies and forms. It may at first seem contradictory, that man should possess one propensity to command, and another to obey; and it has been objected, that when both are large they will counteract each other; but let us appeal to facts: we see the same individual commanding his subordinates and inferiors with great dignity and propriety, and

maintaining his authority with firmness and decision; and yet when he comes into the presence of his superiors, his deportment is in the highest degree respectful; he obeys their just commands with alacrity and pleasure; and thus affords an example for the imitation of those below him. It. is a common proverb, that those who would command, should first learn to obey.

During minority, every one is obliged to obey those who are more advanced and experienced; and this is not only necessary for the good order of society, but also for the education of the individual. If we examine the heads of those children that are disrespectful, rebellious, impudent, and ungovernable, we shall find that this organ is small, and the Governing Group, particularly Imperativeness and Firmness, large. At Auburn prison, I saw a parricide who was convicted of an attempt to murder his mother, because she would not obey him; and I found the Establishing and Conforming Groups very small, and the Governing, except Conscientiousness, very large: below is an engraving of his head.

Let this head be contrasted with the head of Americusof Sir Walter Scott-or of the good natured schoolmaster, W. H, who was repeatedly turned out of doors by his pupils; and although a man of learning and talents, and a good teacher, he was almost totally incapable of governing his school, except by kindness.

This organ is much larger on women than men, and enables them to submit to government with a much better grace than men. It also accounts for their greater disposition to attend to the worship of God, and conform to the requisitions of the church. It explains also, why a woman can seldom love a man whom she does not respect; she takes great pleasure in looking up to her husband as her superior in power; and in feeling conscious of her dependence upon him for protection, support and influence.

One great cause of the contentment with which the southern slaves submit to their servile condition, is to be found in the fact that they have the organ of Submissiveness larger and Firmness smaller than any other race. They have always been slaves. From time immemorial, under all circumstances, the Negro has been a 'servant of servants.' The Indian, on the other hand, has always been free and independent. Neither the force nor the fraud of the whites has ever subjugated him. I have never heard of an instance in which an Indian has submitted to slavery. The southern Indians have frequently had possession of a large number of Negro slaves, but who ever heard of an Indian being a slave to a Negro? This does not, however, justify slavery; but, on the contrary, it only shows that it is taking advantage of one of the most amiable traits in the human character. find this organ much smaller in the people of the western than the eastern part of this country, and in Americans generally than in Europeans.

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There is a very great difference among animals in regard

to this propensity; the dog, although one of the most intelligent and courageous of animals, is remarkably submissive; and in this respect it differs very much from the fox; though in many other particulars he resembles that animal. those animals which are most easily subjected to the will of man, such as horses and oxen, will be found to have this organ large; and in those that are altogether untameable, as the hyena, and wolf, both Submissiveness and Kindness will be found small.

I have adopted a name for this propensity to agree with my ideas of the distinction between propensities, feelings, and actions. Submissiveness is a propensity; reverence, veneration, respect and humility are feelings-obedience and submission, are actions.

10TH. KINDNESS, OR BENEVOLENCE.

"As you would that others should do unto you, do ye even so to them."

This is the propensity to gratify the feelings of others: to compare their feelings with our own, and to act by them, as in like circumstances we should wish them to act by us. For instance, a person with large Alimentiveness and small Acquisitiveness, knows from experience, that the feeling of hunger is distressing; and when he sees any one suffering for want of food, if he has Kindness large, will hasten to relieve him: but if he sees one who has lost his property, he does not pity him so much, because he has himself never experienced the powerful longings of Acquisitiveness. A person without Parentiveness and Adhesiveness