cannot understand the feelings of a bereaved parent, or friend; and therefore, however large his organ of Kindness may be, he cannot pity him. One who has a predominant Approbativeness, knows by experience the mortification which arises from being slandered, or lightly spoken of, and if he also has a large organ of Kindness, he will be very careful not to say any thing to mortify the Approbativeness of others. The same principle will apply to any other propensities when combined with Kindness. It has grown into a proverb that

"A fellow feeling makes us wondrous kind."

Before we can understand the feelings of others we must experience similar ones ourselves; and then if we have this organ, we shall be able sincerely to "rejoice with those that do rejoice and weep with those that weep."

The design of this propensity is to prevent the unnecessary injury of the feelings of others, to relieve their sufferings, and augment their happiness as much as possible, consistently with justice to self. It is not limited in its operations to any particular class of fellow beings; but its language is

"Come, send abroad a love for all that live."

If Alimentiveness and Destructiveness desire to kill an animal for food, Kindness insists upon its being done in such a manner as to give the least possible pain. If the Governing Group produces a determination to punish rebellion, and enforce obedience, Kindness desires to have it done in the mildest manner; and if it is larger than Imperativeness and Firmness, the individual can with great difficulty exercise the necessary severity, to produce the obedience of stubborn and vicious characters. Kindness disposes its possessor to conform to the wishes of others, instead of opposing them; and to let them have their way rather than to

hurt their feelings. It is admitted by all phrenologians, that this organ is possessed by the lower animals. Mr. George Combe remarks:

"When it is largely developed, they are mild and docile; whereas, when it is deficient, they are vicious, ill-natured, and intractable. Dr. Gall gives some interesting illustrations of this fact. The head of the tiger, says he, is more flat at this part than that of the lion; and the heads of the hyena and wolf are more depressed than that of the dog. The organ is greatly depressed immediately above the level of the eyes in the baboon; while, on the contrary, it is elevated in the ourang-outang; and the dispositions of all these animals are in accordance with their developements. In the horse, the organ is placed in the middle of the forehead, a little above the eyes. When this region is hollow and narrow, a horse is invariably vicious, and disposed to bite and to kick. In mild and good natured horses, on the contrary, this part stands as far out as the eyes, or even farther. The driver of a Cabriolet of Neuilly, says Dr. Gall, bought, at a low price, a horse which nobody could use on account of its extreme bad temper; but it was an excellent runner. In the first week it bit off two of the driver's fingers, and one of his ears. He attempted to correct it by redoubled blows, but these rendered it only more vicious. He then resolved to try the effect of gentle treatment, and this succeeded to a certain degree. The organ in question was very small in this animal; and the same conformation will be found in all horses which require to be muzzled, to prevent them from biting. On one occasion, a gentleman in the country mentioned at his dinner table that he had two horses, one extremely mild, and the other very vicious, in temper. They were brought out into the stable-yard, and by examining their heads, according to Dr. Gall's directions, I pointed out each, without having previously seen them.

The difference was so great, that several persons who were present recognized it, the moment they were told where to look for it. I have seen this experiment repeated with invariable success.

Kindness is related to the intellect, and particularly to Comparison. The very definition of this propensity, implies that the individual compares the different conditions and feelings of his fellow beings with each other and with his own: this is necessary in order to direct his kindness discreetly. Some are indiscriminate in their charities; they give their assistance to any who importune them, and make no distinction between the really needy, and the impostor. There are others again, who so economize their goodness, as to make it produce the greatest possible amount of happiness. Kindness was not designed to make the individual sacrifice his own happiness for the good of others, but was intended to be gratified in harmony with his other powers. It is a superadded organ, given to modify the other propensities, and not to counteract them. No man with a well constituted mind, will starve himself to feed others; or permit his family to suffer, in consequence of his generosity to strangers; but he will do all in his power to gratify others, consistently with his duty to himself and friends. I have seen several instances of individuals who were deficient in the Establishing Socials, and had a very large developement of Kindness, and small Acquisitiveness and Destructiveness. They gave away every thing, and kept themselves continually poor, and their family in want: they manifested just as much kindness to strangers, as to their best friends. Every orphan in their neighborhood, was as much befriended by them as their own children. I know a lady of this character, who gives to the poor, or sends to the heathen, every cent that her husband allows her to control. Almost every day she goes away from home, and superintends the

affairs of benevolent institutions; and is incessantly occupied in enterprizes for the benefit of others; while she neglects her own domestic duties, and even her health. There are some weak, but good-natured individuals, who render themselves really troublesome, by their well meant endeavors to be serviceable. Such persons, especially when Imperativeness is very small, and Approbativeness and Hopefulness very large, are commonly termed busy-bodies. A little flattery induces them to make themselves extremely officious in the service of any one who is disposed to make tools of them—this is the general character of the Negroes. Kindness, like every other propensity, may be so manifested as to defeat the end for which it was designed, and make its possessor appear ridiculous.

Sometimes there is an apparent contradiction exhibited by persons in whom Kindness is large, combined with large Acquisitiveness; they will not give away property, but they will give their personal services, attend the sick, show kindness in their manners, words, &c. A similar inconsistency appears in those who have Kindness with the Governing Group large; they will be kind to those who obey them, and conform to their notions; but they will be tyrannical, oppressive, and intolerant, to those who treat their authority with contempt; or who are opposed to their views of politics, religion, or morality. Again, we may see a person with large Destructiveness and Kindness, and small Acquisitiveness; he will be profuse with his property, and therefore take great credit to himself for his benevolence; but perhaps he will at the same time commit deeds of wanton cruelty. All these facts are explained on the principle, that the larger organs predominate over the smaller.

I prefer the name of Kindness for this propensity to that of Benevolence, which Dr. Gall gave it. Benevolence signifies good actions; it is Kindness modified by justice. The

propensity under consideration, prompts to many actions which do not deserve the name of benevolence. Gall and Spurzheim proved that it is manifested by the lower animals; now, it is undoubtedly improper to speak of a benevolent animal, but we can say a kind animal with strict truth and evident propriety.

Sir Walter Scott had the greatest developement of the Conforming organs, of any individual whose bust I have ever seen; and any one has only to read his biography by Lockhart, to be satisfied that his whole life was a continual manifestation of them.