sons were condemned to the gallies for two, six, or eight years, or to strong castles for longer or shorter periods: among these were comprized priests, military men, civil officers, literary persons, and especially the journalists under the Cortes, who supported their system. Two journalists, the editors of the "Redactor General," and two professors, were sentenced to the gallies at Carthagena for ten years, under pain of death on leaving the precincts. Fines and confiscations were added in some cases. The king, about the same

time, issued a decree granting an honorary decoration to those whose attachment to his person during his arrest at the Escurial exposed them to imprisonment and exile under the influence of Godoy. A subsequent decree recognized the distinguished merit of Don Pedro Gravina, the Pope's nuncio, and archbishop of Nicea, who signalized himself by his opposition to the Cortes in their abolition of the Inquisition, and underwent banishment in consequence. A canonry of Seville was conferred on him as a reward.

CHAP.

F all the Sovereigns whom the subversion of the tyranny of Buonaparte restored to their dominions, no one appears to have resumed his authority with the resolution of exercising it more fully to its former extent, than Pope Pius VII. In his proclamation issued at Cezena, on May 5, previously to his return to Rome, he applied to himself the ancient title of "God's Vicar on Earth;" he spoke of his temporal sovereignty as essentially connected with his spiritual supremacy; and acquaint

his people, that although he could not at this moment resume the exercise of it in all the ancient possessions of the church, he did not doubt shortly to recover them, being confident not less in the inviolability of his sacred rights, than in the justice of the Allied Sovereigns.

A proclamation issued at Rome by the apostolic delegates on May

15, declared in the name of his Holiness the abolition of the Code Napoleon, and the restoration of the former pontifical, civil, and criminal code; also, the suppression of what was called the civil state; and that all the funds, rents, &c. of every corporation shall be placed under the administration of a commission formed of ecclesias tics, which commission is immediately, "even previously to the examination of the respective and legitimate rights," to restore the yet un-alienated property of all religious establishments, and to cause the regulars of each sex to be paid a two months' pension, and to provide for the public service in the churches. The Pope, on resuming his functions in person, at his ca pital, at first contented himself with requiring the retraction of those who had taken part in the late usurped government, and forbade by a proclamation all inqui

ries

Fies by individuals into the late transactions, reserving to himself all proceedings against the culpable. Such ecclesiastics as had taken the oath to Buonaparte were ordered to disclaim it, on pain of being suspended from all divine offices. A commission was appointed in July for the purpose of making a report on the property termed national, or extraordinary domains, which had been ceded to companies that were creditors of the French government, or had been sold by agents of the financial administration.

On August 7, that event so important to the Church of Rome, and which peculiarly marks the spirit of the present pontificate, the restortion of the order of Jesuits was publicly declared. When it is considered that the suppression of this Order in 1773, was effected by the compulsion of the Sovereigns of the house of Bourbon, and was the consequence of that jealousy of its power, and detestation of its principles, which then seemed almost universal in the Catholic world, it must appear a measure of extraordinary boldness in a Pontiff but just restored to his own authority, to become the renovator of a body lately so obnoxious. The Jesuits, indeed, were always regarded as the most devoted satellites of the see of Rome; whence it is not to be wondered at that their revival was a desirable object of the papal court; but the policy of effecting it in so precipitate a manner, and by a mere exertion of ecclesiastical authority, appears very questionable. The ceremonial- observed on this great occasion is thus described. His Holiness, on Sunday, August 7, "went to the church of VOL. LVI

Jesus to celebrate high mass at the altar of St. Ignatius. After hearing another mass, he proceeded to the neighbouring oratory of the congregation of nobles, where he was seated on a throne prepared for him. He then handed to the master of the ceremonies, and caused him to read with a loud voice, a bull for the re-establishment of the company of Jesuits." This memorable piece (see State Papers) begins with reciting, that Francis Karen and other members of the suppressed company resident in the empire of Russia, having entreated his permission to unite themselves in a body for the purpose of being able more easily to carry on public instruction, and their request receiving the recommendation of the Emperor Paul, his Holiness had by brief, dated March, 1801, granted them permission accordingly, and authorized them to resume and follow the rule of St. Ignatius, of Loyola: that shortly after, at the request of Ferdinand, King of Sicily, the same favour had been granted to the Jesuits in his dominions: that the Catholic world now demanding with unanimous voice, as com. municated by daily petitions from archbishops, bishops, &c. the reestablishment of the same order, he should deem himself guilty of a great crime towards God if he refused now to do what he wished he had done at the commencement of his pontificate. He therefore decrees, that all the concessions and powers granted to the company in Russia and Sicily shall be extended to his ecclesiastical states, and to all other states; he confers upon them all the privileges they formerly possessed, takes them and their property under the immediate

tutelage of the Holy See, and abrogates all constitutions and ordinances to the contrary, especially the brief of Clement XIV. (Ganganelli). After the reading of the bull, the Jesuits present were admitted to kiss the Pope's feet; and an act was afterwards read concerning the restitution of the patrimony of the Jesuits in funds still existing, and provisional compensations for alienated property. Thus (says the Diario Romano) ended a ceremony eternally glorious and memorable!" That, however, this restoration was not universally approved even at Rome, appeared from a number of satirical pieces circulated on the occasion.

In the progress of re-establishing every thing ancient, which was the predominant principle of the revived papal government, the magistracy of Rome published an ordinance by which the faithful were apprised that all the festivals observed before the incorporation of the city with the French empire, were restored. Another more puerile example of the same policy was given by a rescript, which announced that the lamps introduced by the late Government were suppressed. The streets of Rome were formerly lighted by the flambeaux and lanterns placed by devotees under the numerous images erected at the corners and crossings, as well as those at the doors of private houses; and it was thought proper to renew this mode, however irregular, as gratifying to pious feelings, and costing nothing to the Government. It was in a more enlightened spirit that the Governor made known that the places called sanctuaries were no

longer to afford security to criminals. In every arbitrary government, secret meetings, and associations of persons connected by rites or engagements known only to themselves, are objects of particular jealousy, it being justly concluded that where men are restrained from expressing their opinions openly, they will naturally seek such occasions of propagating them in private. On this account, the societies of Free Masons, which among us no one suspects of serious or dangerous intentions, have been regarded in many parts of the Continent as instituted for the purpose of fostering innovations in church or state; and it appears that under this idea they were peculiarly obnoxious to the Roman government, Cardinal Pacca, Pro-secretary of State, published in August an edict prohibiting, under very severe penalties, all assemblies of secret societies, especially of that of Free Masons. At the same time the greatest encouragements were offered to all who should become informers; and they were told by his Holiness, that there was nothing wrong or dishonourable in such denunciations, since they were equally important to the faith and the state. In consequence, many persons have been committed to prison, or otherwise punished.

It was by no means to the Jesuits that this zealous Pope limited his purpose of re-establishing the religious orders fallen to decay in the late revolutionary times. Šensible that all the monastic communities were attached to the See of Rome as their head, and regarding them as the firmest pillars of the church, he bad from the time of his restoration, declared his inten