Causal Analysis with Panel Data, 105. sayıPanel data — information gathered from the same individuals or units at several different points in time — are commonly used in the social sciences to test theories of individual and social change. This book highlights the developments in this technique in a range of disciplines and analytic traditions. |
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İçindekiler
Models of Reciprocal Causation | 22 |
Measurement Error Models | 45 |
Spurious Association and Autocorrelated | 70 |
Concluding Note on Causal Inference | 87 |
93 | |
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additional alternative analysis approach association assumed assumptions autocorrelation candidate causal effects coefficients common factor compared constraints contain controlling correlated covariances cross-lagged cross-lagged effects cross-sectional degrees of freedom delinquent dependent designs direct discussed disturbance terms effects model endogenous variables equal Equation error term error variances estimates example exogenous Figure given group memberships included independent variables indicators individual influence instrumental variable interpretation lagged latent variable lead least linking LISREL matrix means measurement error methods negative noted observed observed variables obtained panel data panel models parameters party identification period possible present problem procedures protest potential random ratings reason reciprocal effects regression relationship reliability represent restrictions shown specification stability standardized static-score structural disturbances studies synchronous effects theoretical three-wave tion two-wave uncorrelated unmeasured variables waves yields zero