Of ADVERBS.

AN Adverb is a Part of Speech added to Verbs and Participles, and alfo to Adjectives and other Adverbs, to exprefs fome qualities or circumftances belonging to

them.

From what are Adverbs derived?

Adverbs may be derived from feveral of the Parts

of Speech; as,

from Ape,

a Subftantive, comes Apishly.

Virtuous, an Adjective,

Knowing, a Participle,

After, a Prepofition,

Virtuously.

Knowingly.

Afterwards.

Words ending with any double letter but 4, and taking nefs, lefs, ly, or ful after them, preferve the letter double; as, carelessness, ftiffly, diftrefsful, &c.

But those words ending with double, and ad. mitting the above terminations, omit one l, as fully. How many kinds of Adverbs are there?

The principal Adverbs are thofe of Place, thofe of Time, and thofe of Manner and Quality; which are formed from Adjectives by adding ly; as, from beautiful, is formed beautifully, i. e. in a beautiful man. ner; from fweet, sweetly, i. e. with fome degree of fweetnefs.

Obferve, words that end in y, after a Confonant, change into before the termination, as Lazy, y lazily; giddy, giddily; fly, fily, &c.

8

Note.

Note. It seems as if Adverbs originally had been contrived to exprefs compendiously in one word, what otherwise must have required two or more words, as, befides thofe in ly,

;

Adverbs may be diftributed into as many kinds, as there are circumstances of an Action; as,

ift. Adverbs of Time, prefent, past, future, uncertain. Ex. new, then, to-day, lately, yefterday, to-morrow, not yet, often, feldom, fometimes, ever, never, immediately, foon, foon-er, foon-eft, oftener, often-eft. I am now doing, what might have been done yesterday.

2d. Of Order; firft, fecondly, thirdly, &c.

Ex. first, the fhall write, and fecondly, take a walk.

3d. of Number; once, twice, thrice, &c.
Ex. I fpoke twice, and wrote thrice.

4th. of Place; here, there, above, below, within, &c. Ex. where is your book? it is above.

5th. of Motion; forward, backward, behind. Ex. go back to the left.

6th. of Dittance; yonder, far, yon. Ex. on yonder hill. Is it far off?

7th, of

7th. of Manner; eafily, gracefully, politely.

Ex. She dances gracefully the behaves politely, i. e. in a graceful, or in a polite manner: Or,

"A wife man will defire no more than what he may get justly, ufe foberly, diftribute cheerfully, and live upon contentedly."

8th. of Quantity; enough, fufficiently, too, &c. Ex. I have read enough, too much.

9th of Quality; well, ill.

Ex. are you ill? no, I am well.

10th. of Relation; particularly, respectively.

Ex. particularly in this cafe.

frth. of Union; together, jointly, &c." Ex. they came together.

12th. of Divifion; apart, feparately, &c. Ex. they were fet apart; written separately. 13th. of Exclufion; only, but, exclufively, &c. Ex. Take only one; of any other exclufively. 14th. of Comparifon; as, fo, than, more, lefs. Ex. this is as good, nay more fo; do so, rather than otherwife.

15th. of Preference; rather, nay, &c.

Ex. I had rather tay, nay, especially now.
16th. of Certainty; truly, certainly, furely, &c.
Ex. certainly, he is truly deferving.
17th. of Affirmation; yes, indeed, &c.
Ex. Is the good? yes, indeed the is.

18th. of

18th. of Doubt; perhaps, possibly, &¤.

Ex. perhaps, I may go; possibly, you will.

19th. of Explanation; as, namely, viz. See page 76, &c. Ex. three Plants, namely, a Rofe, a Pink, and a Geranium.

20th. of Negation; no, not, &c.

Ex. no, madam, I will not do it.

21ft. of Interrogation; why, wherefore, brw, &c. Ex. why do you grieve? wherefore fhould you? how can you do so?

22d. of Conclufion; therefore, confequently.
Ex. She is obftinate, confequently wrong.
She is good, therefore she must be happy.
Are Adverbs ever compared?

Sometimes; as, for example, Soon, foon-er, foon-eft; Often, often-er, often-est.

Those ending in ly, are compared by more, and most; as eafily, more eafily, meft easily.

Are the above-mentioned words always Adverbs? No; many words in the English language are fometimes used as Adjectives, fometimes as Adverbs, and fometimes as Cubftantives; but this can only be de termined by the fenfe.

EXAMPLES.

Adj. Much money has been expended. Adv. It is much more bleffed to give than to re. ceive.

Sub. Where much is given much will be required. E

Adj.

Adj. More things may be learned from reading, than from conversation.

Adv. Martha is, more diligent than Mary.

More is evidently an Adverb, used in comparing the Adjective diligent.

Sub. A covetous man makes the most of what he has.

Adj. Little things are fometimes of great confe

quence.

Adv.

Ah! Little think the gay, licentious proud,

&c. See Thomson's Winter, line 323.

Adj. Lefs things have produced great effects. Adv. The English are lefs volatile than the French.

Adj. The least thing you can do, is to offer her your affiftance.

She came home yesterday; the fets, out again to-day, and fhe will return to-morrow.

In this fentence, yesterday, to-day, and to-morrow, are Adverbs of Time, because they answer to the queftion when?

To-day's leffon is more difficult than yesterday's (i. e. than the leffon of yesterday); but to-morrow's will be more fo than either..

Yefterday, to-day, and to-morrow, are Subftantives, because they are words that make sense by themselves, and admit likewife of the Genitive Cafe. See page 12. "Are Adjectives ever used înstead of Adverbs? It is very, improper to use the Adjective instead of

the