bear away. ."-"Then you must leave some of them behind you for lack of carriage," said Weston; and proceeded to quote passage after passage of Chrysostom, finishing with one from Augustine; and adding that Augustine was said to have said mass for his mother. "But that mass was not like yours," said Latimer, "as doth manifestly appear from his writings, which are against it in every place. And Augustine is a reasonable man; he requireth to be believed no farther than he bringeth Scripture for his proof, and agreeth with God's word."-" Augustine in the same place proveth a propitiatory sacrifice," said Weston, "and that upon an altar, not an oyster-board."-“ It is the Lord's table," answered Latimer on this contemptuous reference to the later doings of Edward's reign, "and no oyster-board, and though it may be called an altar, and the doctors call it so; there is no propitiatory sacrifice, but only Christ. The doctors. might be deceived in some points, though not in all: I believe them when they say well."—"Is it not a shame for an old man to lie!" burst forth Doctor Cole; "ye say that you are of the old Fathers' faith when they say well; and yet ye are not."-"I am of their faith when they say well," repeated Latimer, "I refer me to my Lord of Canterbury's book wholly therein." He added, "I have but one word to say: the sacramental bread is called a propitiation because it is a sacrament of the propitiation." It then befell to him to offer the only argument throughout the three engagements to which the ready Prolocutor could find no answer. Turning suddenly to him he asked, "What is your vocation?"

My vocation," drily answered Weston, "at this time is to dispute: otherwise I am a priest, and my vocation is to offer."-" And where is your authority to offer?""Hoc facite," replied Weston, "for facite in that place

is taken for offerte, that is, offer you."-"Is facere nothing but sacrificare?" said Latimer, "why then no man must receive the sacrament but priests only, for there are none other offer but priests.". Negandum argumentum," said Weston, but gave no other answer: and presently went on to demand, "Ten years ago whither would you have gone to find your doctrine". "The more cause," was the reply, "to thank God, that hath now sent the light into the world."—" The light," replied Weston, "nay, but light and lewd preachers. Ye altered and changed your communion and altars so often all for one end, to spoil and rob the Church.""I cannot answer for other men's deeds, but only for my own these things appertain nothing unto me,” said Latimer. Then Weston, concluding the controversy, gave an instructive picture of the impression made by the liturgic reformation upon a man of the old religion. "Well, master Latimer, this is our intent: to wish you well, and to exhort you to come to yourself. Remember that out of Noah's ark is no salvation. Remember who were the beginners of your doctrine: a few flying apostates, running out of Germany for fear of the faggot. Remember what they were who have set forth your doctrine in this realm: flingbrains and lightheads, never constant in any one thing, as might be seen in the turning of the table, one day west, another day east, one that way, when like a sort of apes they another this way, could not tell which way to turn their tails. They say they will be like the apostles, and have no churches. A hovel is good enough for them. They come to the communion with no reverence. They get them a tankard; and one of them saith, I drink and am thankful: The more joy of thee, saith another. A runagate Scot took away the adoration or worshipping

*

* Meaning perhaps a flagon.

of Christ, procuring that heresy in the Communion Book: you never agreed with the Tigurines, Tigurines, or the Germans, or the Church, or with yourselves.† Your stubbornness is all of vainglory, and that will do you no good when a faggot is in your beard. How little cause you have to be stubborn we see by your own confession : for your learning is all in feoffer's hold. The Queen is merciful, if you will turn."-" You shall have no hope in me to turn," answered Latimer, "for the Queen I pray daily that she may turn from this religion."-" Here," said Weston rising, "you see the weakness of heresy against the truth. He denieth all truth, and all the old Fathers." And Latimer was led back to prison.

But this memorable logomachy was not ended yet. On the following day, April 19, it happened that Harpsfield, being a bachelor of divinity, held a disputation for his form, or for form's sake, to be made doctor. With the charitable wish, it may be thought, of bringing him to retract and escape condemnation, Cranmer was brought forth again, and admitted to dispute. The part of opponent was taken at first by Weston, who reasoned with great learning against the opinion that he had so strenuously opposed on the former days, denying the natural Presence in the Sacrament. After bringing several arguments against it, which had not been advanced by any of the three bishops, mostly from the Fathers, he stopped short in the middle of one of them, and invited Cranmer to take his

* According to the other, the half Latin version of the Disputation, in Latimer's Remains, Park. Soc. p. 479, Weston said, "A renegade Scot made such an heresy that Christ was not God, and patched it in the last Communion Book, so well was that accepted." This was very likely what he really said, and was in allusion to the Declaration of kneeling, which was inserted into the second Prayer Book on a slip of paper pasted into it by the influence of Knox. See Vol. III. p. 477 huj. oper. + According to one of the versions Weston said "or with yourself." Remains, 278.

place. The archbishop gracefully commended the learning and eloquence which he had heard: but objected to the principle of referring the sense of the Scriptures to corrupt judges under the name of the Catholic Church: as to the opinion itself that they maintained of the question, he repeated that it was not grounded upon Scripture or the primitive Church. He entered however upon a long and extremely subtle disputation with several of the doctors as respondents: among whom Ward, a great logician, particularly distinguished himself. At last, when there seemed to be no end to distinctions and refinements, Weston interposed thus: "Your wonderful gentle behaviour and modesty, good Master Doctor Cranmer, is worthy much commendation: and that I may not deprive you of your right and just deserving, I give you most hearty thanks in my own name, and in the name of all my brethren." On which "On all the doctors gently put off their caps. This seems unlike the rough and overbearing behaviour that has been imputed to the Prolocutor. He then proceeded for form's sake to oppose Harpsfield, the respondent further; and so brought the business to a close.†

* Fox, in his first edition, gives the account of an Oxford scholar who heard this disputation and testified that "Cranmer surpassed all men's expectation": and that he himself, who had always thought him better learned than many reported him, could not have believed that he could have done so well. Cranmer showed himself in fact learned in the scholastic terms: and his disputation has the value of exposing the futility of such investigations applied to such a subject. He vindicated common sense when he reduced Harpsfield to say, "He is there as it pleaseth Him to be there." He justified his own attitude when he replied, “I would be best contented with that answer, if that your appointing of a carnal presence had not driven me of necessity to have enquired, for disputation's sake, how you place Him there, since you will have a natural body."

Fox, who is the authority for all these disputations, is sarcastic enough on the conduct of Weston: who in the arduous business was supported, as he says, by his tippling cup, having a pot of beer or some such liquor at his elbow, and so combated " non sine suo Theseo": and

On the next morning, Friday, April 20, the Commissioners sat in St. Mary's church: the three bishops were brought before them; and the Prolocutor used particular persuasions to every one of them apart, not allowing them to answer, the time of reasoning being passed, but to say directly and peremptorily whether they would subscribe to the Articles or no. To Cranmer he said that he had been overcome in disputation; that he had both answered and opposed; and could neither maintain his own errors nor impugn the verity. To this the archbishop replied that it was false: that he was not suffered to oppose as he would have done, and was not able to answer as he was required, unless he had brawled with them so thick came their reasons one after another, four or five ever interrupting him, so that he could not speak. Then Ridley was demanded, and then Latimer, what they would do: who replied that they would stand to what they had said. They were then all called together and the sentence was read: that they were no members of the Church; and that they, their fautors and patrons, were condemned as heretics. In the midst of the reading of it they were asked if they would turn they bade read on in the name of God.

:

once moved laughter in the beholders by holding it in his hand, exclaiming "Urge hoc, urge hoc, nam hoc facit pro nobis," to one of Ridley's opponents. The disposition of vowels in Fox's concluding remarks is to be admired. "Herein thou (loving Reader) mayest behold the disordered usage of the University men, the unmannerly manner of the school, the rude tumult of the multitude, the fierceness and interruption of the doctors, the full pith and ground of all their arguments, the censures of the judges, the railing language of the Oblocutor, with his blast of triumph in the latter end, being the actor, the moderator, and also judge himself. And what marvel then, if the courage of this victorious conqueror, having the law in his own hands, to do and say what him lusted, would say for himself vicit veritas, although he said never a true word : nor ever made a true conclusion almost in all that Disputation." He says of many of the arguments that they were unsound by the figures of logic, or irreducible to them.