distinction can be maintained) who were for restoring only that theological platform which had been replaced in the last year of Henry, was bewildering to men who were accustomed to apply the term, and to see it applied, exclusively to opinions that were contrary to the Catholic faith, however defined: bewildering to Cranmer who had sat in commission on anabaptists, to Latimer who had approved of the burning of them, to Philpot who had spit upon an Arian. But as a mere retort it was not absolutely unjust, for Cranmer, in his Reformatio Legum, had numbered Transubstantiation among heretical opinions.* As strongly they objected to the appropriation of the opposite term Catholic by their adversaries; having hitherto without the slightest hesitation spoken of themselves as Catholic and as in the unity of the Church, and applied the exact, though odious term papistical to the doctrines and practices in which they disagreed with the other side. The Latin Mass, as it was become, with the abuses of it moreover expressed

as necessary, appeared to them a thing to be withstood at all risks. It appeared to them an absolute falsification of the true Catholic faith. Unfortunately, in the heat of their contest with what they termed papistry, they adopted or accepted another designation, which has been fruitful of widespread error, and has done more to obscure their position, and to confuse history, than almost any other application of terms that had place in the English Reformation. They called

But, as the Reformatio Legum remained still unpublished, this could not have been widely known. It may be made out, I think, by examining the chief writers among the Reformers that they avoided calling their adversaries heretics, and their opinions heresy, though they applied to them abomination, antichrist, Baal, Balaam, and the rest of an excellent alphabet. There is one exception at least to this, viz. Cranmer's Treatise of unwritten Verities: but, according to Jenkyns, it is doubtful whether Cranmer wrote that.

themselves, or let themselves be called, Protestant. The word was tempting in its literal meaning: but it was of foreign origin and history: it properly denoted the Lutherans, who had grown to be not Catholic in polity, being not Episcopal; who had fixed tenets, like consubstantiation, to which the English were as averse as they were to the fixed tenets which they called papistical. However the word, which, so far as I know, first began to be heard in England at the beginning of the late reign, and is mentioned in connection with the town that enjoyed the ministry of Thomas Handcock,* seems to have become an accepted designation by the time at which we are arrived. It was used by the reformers of themselves, and by historians of them, as by the contemporary Fox. But it was used at first in relation to its proper opposite or contrary: and the resolute Bradford rebuked the compliant clergy who excused themselves to the protestants for going to mass with the papists.+

It retained its original and proper

"I was called the same year, which was the first year of King Edward VI., to be the minister of God's word at the town of Poole; which town was at that time wealthy, for they embraced God's word, they were in favour with the rulers and governors of the realm, they were the first that in that part of England were called Protestants," &c. In Nicholl's Narratives, p. 77.

"But, wellaway! the tenth person persevereth not: the more part do part stake with the papists and protestants, so that they are become mangy mongrels, to the infecting of all that company with them, and to their no small peril: for they pretend outwardly popery, going to mass with the papists, and tarrying with them in their antichristian and idolatrous service but with their hearts, say they, and with their spirits they serve the Lord. And so, by this means, as they save their pigs, which they would not lose, I mean their worldly pelf, so they would please the protestants, and be counted with them for gospellers, yea, marry would they." Letter to Hopkins, Writings, 390. Park Soc. The term Gospellers, which was also used as a designation of the party, is not satisfactory. In the following passage Bradford invents for compliers the names massgospellers, and gospelmassmongers, "Who shall excuse these massgospellers' consciences. Will the Queen's highness? She shall then

meaning in England (or a share of it) when in the next century it was used to denote the high Church or Laudian party in opposition to the puritans; but unhappily it passed into vogue at last as the opposite not of papist but of Catholic: in which abused sense it is now common to literature. This popular and literary misconception has reacted on the history of the Reformation with stupefying effect. The men who let themselves be called protestants, but were never weary of declaring themselves Catholic, have been thought to have been not Catholic because protestant. The opposite of Catholic is not protestant but heretic: the opposite of protestant is not Catholic but papist. For the word protestant, which I have avoided hitherto, it is difficult to find a convenient substitute. Reformed

have more to do for herself than without hearty and true repentance she shall be able to answer, though Peter, Paul, Mary, James, John, the pope and all his prelates take her part, with all the singing sir Johns that ever were, are, or shall be. Will the lord chancellor and the prelates of the realm excuse them there? Nay, nay, they are then like to smart for it so sore, as I would not be in their places for all the whole world. Will the laws of the realm, the nobility gentlemen, justices of peace, &c. excuse our gospelmassmongers' consciences then? Nay, God knoweth they can do little there but quake and fear for the heavy vengeance of God, like to fall upon them. Will their goods, lands, and possessions, the which they by their dissembling have saved, will these serve to excuse them? No, No; God is no merchant, as our masspriests be. Will masses, or trentals, and such trash serve? No, verily, the haunters of this gear shall be heartily ashamed. Will the catholic church excuse them? Nay, it will most of all accuse them: as will all the good fathers, patriarchs, apostles, prophets, martyrs, confessors, and saints, with all the good doctors, and good general councils,” p. 391. From Ridley it would appear that the word protestant, though soon accepted, was originally brought in as a term of reproach. There is no controversy among them that be learned among the Church of England concerning the matter of this Sacrament: but all do agree, whether they be New or Old; and, to speak plain, and as some of them do odiously call each other, whether they be protestants, pharisees, papists, or gospellers." Brief Declaration of the Lord's Supper, Works, p. 9, P. Soc. "I will do it under this protestation, call me a protestant who will, I pass not thereof" (care not for that). Ib. p. 14.

is an appellation of the French Calvinists: Anglocatholic is modern, and seems open to some objections which I will not specify. But protestant, as it is now commonly understood, can scarcely now be used without misrepresenting the men who first admitted it, and falsifying the position of the English Church. As for the opposite term, papist, it was, as Gardiner called it, "envious" from the first.* For it I purpose to employ

the convenient word Romanensian.

"It is a term wherewith this author (Cranmer) doth uncharitably charge the king's true subjects," said Gardiner in his controversy with Cranmer. 66 the envious name of papist."--"I charge none with the name of papists but that be well worthy of it," answered Cranmer, "not the king's true subjects, but the pope's darlings: not the hearers and learners, but the teachers, the inventors of the untrue doctrine of transubstantiation; and not only because they teach it, but because they made it, and were the first finders of it." Works, 239, 240. Park. Soc.

CHAPTER XXIV.

A.D. 1554.

THE Prince of Spain arrived at Southampton on the nineteenth of July. The combined fleets of England and Flanders, under the command of Howard, had met his squadron in the Channel; and, as they cruised together, the English admiral had offended the Flemings by the contempt with which he likened their vessels to cockleshells. It was rumoured not without complacency that when Philip hove in sight, a gun-shot across his bows had warned him to lower his topsail on passing into English waters. As the fleets dropped anchor in port, a number of boats and barges gaily ornamented put from shore to receive the prince, his nobles, and their retinue. But the marriage articles were found to have been narrowly interpreted, when the flower of the Castilian nobility, who, contrary to the earnest advice of his father's ambassador, had escorted Philip, were not allowed to set foot on shore: and out of four thousand, the rest being compelled to hoist sail for Spain without delay, no more than five hundred were permitted to exhibit to the English the stateliness of the hidalgoes or the beauty and magnificence of their dames. As the son of the Emperor stepped on shore, the Earl of Arundel, at the head of a company of noblemen, invested