betters, was not in his smile and voice: that there was solitary pomposity, want of that manner which in a superior still recognizes equality in an inferior: that the palace was not so accessible as it was wont to be: that for an Englishman to gain an interview it required an embassy. Moreover the extravagantly ceremonious demeanour that was maintained by the Spaniards among themselves awoke astonishment and laughter, and made an enduring impression upon the English nation.* In his religion he was remarked to be equally formal, attending daily masses, and other offices, and sermons beyond example of any of his age and station. A body of friars accompanied him as theologians and preachers: with them he was continually in conference: no creature of the cloister could be stricter.+ Danger was apprehended in this severity: and the new King of England was one who had been heard ere now to say, "Better not reign at all than reign over heretics." + The jealousy of the people towards the strangers, ill concealed from the first, grew greater every day. Before the prince arrived, Mary had found it advisable to warn all persons by proclamation on pain of high displeasure "His temper and way of deportment seemed most ridiculous, and extravagantly formal to the English genius: and indeed his carriage was such here that the acting him and his Spaniards was one of the great diversions of Elizabeth's court." Burnet. It seems like enough that Elizabeth's diversion began in her sister's life, in her household at Hatfield: and afterwards went on in her own reign. This sport or diversion of acting the Spaniards was perhaps the origin of Shakespeare's fantastical Spaniard Don Adriano de Armado. + "Nella religione, per quel che dall'esterior si vede, non si potria giudicar meglio, et più assiduo et attentissimo alle Messe, a i Vesperi, et alle Prediche, come un religioso, molto più che a lo stato et età sua, a molto pare che si convenga. Il medisimo conferiscono dell'intrinseco oltra certi Frati Theologi, suoi predicatori, huomini certo di stima, et anco altri che ogni di trattano con lui, che nelle cose della conscientia non desiderano nè più pia, nè miglior intentione." Relatione di Michele, ap. Prescott's Phil. the Second, i. 107. Ib. * to abstain from offending his train by action, word or gesture. When, after the marriage, a chapter of the Garter was held at Windsor for the installation of Philip, and the arms of Spain were substituted for those of England by the herald, the English lords indignantly insisted on the restoration of the national escutcheon.† In London the Spaniards, having little to do, were much in the streets it was exclaimed that for one Englishman there were four Spaniards to be seen: that there were so many of them that the very halls of the city companies were turned into lodgings for them. Even in providing lodgings for Philip's train disorders arose which had to be composed by the Council. Some Spanish artisans adventured over, and opened shops for trade in the city of London: they were compelled to close them again as being contrary to the order and privileges of the place.|| But they were allowed their share of the customs of the realm at large when one of them was hanged at Tyburn for brawling, and another at Charing Cross for the slaughter of a serving man by Temple Bar; when after "a great fray at Charing Cross between the Spaniards and Englishmen" the ringleaders were brought before the knight marshall for punishment: ¶ or when Antonio Baldes was condemned to the hot irons and the loss of an ear for wounding a fellow-countryman in a church.** Several of them died by course of nature in their new climate, and in their obsequies the ceremonies of the two nations seem to have been conjoined.†† It was noticed + Prescott, i. 103. * Strype, vi. 215 (Orig. No. XV.). Queen Jane and Queen Mary, 81. § Ib. 135. Strype, v. 210. Machyn, 74. This affair seems to have had fatal consequences. ** He was condemned, but received pardon. Calend. Domest. Mary, p. 71. ++ "The 6 day of October was buried at Westminster a great man, a Spaniard, with singing both English and Spaniards, with a handbell for ringing, and every Spaniard having green torches and green tapers, to the number of a hundred burning, and so buried in the Abbey." Machyn, p. 71. with disgust that when the King heard Mass in London, he came surrounded by Spanish guards, who far outnumbered his English escort, and that the service was sung by Spanish voices.* Processions of Spanish priests, friars, and singing men, of Spanish knights and ladies, marched along the streets, and held services in the English churches. It was rumoured that a Spanish army was coming to place the crown on the head of a King to whom coronation had been denied, or else to carry it out of the kingdom. It was rumoured that the archbishopric of Canterbury and the metropolitanship of England was to be given to a Spanish friar who was lodged in the vacant halls of Lambeth.§ The persecution which Mary endured on account of her Latin Mass, celebrated daily in her house during her "The 11 day of October was the obsequy of a Spaniard at Westminster; there was a pretty hearse after the fashion of Spain, with black, and a goodly mass of requiem." Ib." The 19 day of November was buried at St. Martins at Charing Cross a certain gentleman a Spaniard, and a fourscore torches and tapers in their hands, and with singing to the church, and the morrow mass, both, Spaniards and Englishmen singing. Ib. p. 75. "The 2 day of December at ten of the clock the King's grace came to Paul's to hear mass with 400 of guard, 160 English, 100 Almen, 100 Spaniards, 100 Switzers, with many lords and knights, and heard music." Machyn, 77. + "The 8 day of December, the which was the conception of our blessed Lady the Virgin, was a goodly procession at the Savoy by the Spaniards, the priest carrying the Sacrament royally between his hands, and one deacon carrying a censer censing, and another the holy water stock, and a number of friars and priests singing, and every man and woman and knights and gentlemen bearing a green taper burning; and eight trumpeters blowing; and when they had done playing, then began the sackbuts playing: and when they had done, there was one that carried two drums on his back, and one came after playing: and, so done, they went about the Savoy within," &c. Machyn, p. 78. "The 5 of September a talk of twelve thousand Spaniards coming more into the realm, they said to fethe the Crown" (?). Queen Jane and Queen Mary, p. 81. § Queen Jane and Queen Mary, p. 82. brother Edward's reign, had lasted for years from the time of the enforcement of the first English service by the first Act of Uniformity. But her troubles had not taught her to exercise in turn the like severity toward her sister and in the easy confinement of Woodstock the lady Elizabeth was permitted to use the English service, with the exception of a petition against the Bishop of Rome and his detestable enormities, which at that time had place in the Litany. Within a few weeks however of the royal marriage the compliant princess herself relieved her devotions of all trace of English, calling to her side a Romanensian chaplain, fervently joining in the Latin offices, protesting upon her knees her innocence of all treason against the Queen, and receiving the Sacrament thereon. Her astonished keeper, Bedingfield, informed his royal mistress of the marvellous conversion of his charge, earnestly begging at the same time to be rid of her. The Queen, after some delay occasioned by the state of Elizabeth's health, consented to see her sister, received her graciously, listened with reserve to her pathetic asseverations of innocence, and placing a ring on her finger said impressively, " Whether you be innocent or guilty, I forgive you." Magnani mous placability in regard to offences against herself, unshrinking if not pitiless severity towards those who differed from her in religion, were the marks of Mary. Elizabeth, having now enabled herself to partake of any gaieties that the Court might offer, was in due time established with a newly formed household at the convenient distance of Hatfield. The reduction of religion to the condition that obtained before the latter half of the reign of Henry the Eighth was now nearly accomplished. With that the nation might have been content, so far as it regarded the * Strickland's Mary: Manning's Bedingfield Papers, 14 Sept. 1554. public worship, the appearance of the churches, the condition of the clergy: and those who were more nearly concerned to oppose it, the more pious or intrepid laymen, the clergy who had carried the liturgic Reformation, might have been neglected in exile or in prison, might have hidden their English Prayer Books and Bibles in expectation of a better day, if it had not been for the further, the fatal design which was now evidently meditated. The nation cordially detested the see of Rome. The Roman connexion had ceased, after the first two or three centuries of the existence of an English state, to be a source of instruction or a ground of stability. It had returned little in the way of honour for the money of which it drained the land. In the roll of the popes there was but one Englishman: in the annals of the cardinals there were but few Englishmen. The Church of England had possessed from the first all that was necessary to the perfection and independence of a Church. In the founding of the Church of England Rome had borne no undivided part: and though England had willingly acknowledged from the first the titular headship or primacy of the greatest city of the world; and had accepted, like the rest of the West, the Roman observances upon several disputed points, yet, in the earliest ages, whenever Rome had attempted to assert an authority that was more than harmless or nominal, England had resisted by tacit action or open remonstrance. When, afterwards, in the great day of papal domination, the pretensions of Rome grew dangerous to the order of the realm, they had been checked by law and by legal process: and that so effectually, that for two centuries before the Reformation it had ceased to be necessary to pass an anti-papal statute. To Henry the Eighth it had remained to break the slackened bands: and though Henry's motives were vile, and his revolution was marked by |