crown.

that serves any cure be a priest after the Pope's order, or nay: that is, be oiled on the thumbs and shaven on the Bonner is offended at the godly order of King Edward and that is the meaning of this part: and in his next Article he will bring into the English Church again the tonsure, with other superstitions more, the swill and dross of Antichrist. But what of Article twentynine? The acts of so noble a prince as Edward the Sixth this shameless bishop contemptuously calls innovations, meaning new laws and alterations of the worst sort. This filthy swineherd opprobriously reviles his natural king, and inverts his most godly acts. Sosbelly swillbowl! He says that they were schismatical, contrary to the ancient order. Why should he say that? They were set forth according to the Scriptures of God, and are agreeable to the order of the primitive Church. If the Scriptures and the primitive Church be old, and an order allowed, then were these ecclesiastical ordinances, according to the old order, allowable. In King Henry's days he not only allowed them, but magnified and advanced them to the very stars. In those days both he and they were evangelical: now they become altogether schismatical. O creeping heretic, O dissembling Gnatho, O abominable flatterer!"*

Strype has distinguished this last, the schismatical, passage as the most important in these strictures, and gives it at length, v. 217. Maitland, Essays on the Refn. p. 50, has given copious extracts. Bale's Declaration extends to the end of the 37th of Bonner's Articles. It was probably one of the books from abroad, for selling which about sixty persons were imprisoned this October, according to Fox, who says (and Maitland quotes him), “About the 5 day of October, and within a fortnight following, were divers, as well householders as servants and prentices, apprehended and taken, and committed to sundry prisons, for the having and selling of certain books which were sent into England by the preachers that fled into Germany and other countries: which books nipped a great number so near that within one fortnight there were little less than threescore imprisoned for that matter."

The Universities also were subjected to a Visitation at this time. In those exempt seats of learning the struggle between the two opinions, with which the reign began, had been continued, still to the advantage of the Romanensian side. Now, in October, Gardiner, who had resumed his old office of Chancellor of Cambridge, despatched Christopherson, the new Master of Trinity, with various edicts concerning apparel, the vexed question of the pronunciation of Greek, the royal style to be declared by preachers, and other matters: which caused many students to leave their colleges. In St. John's College four and twenty fellowships and other offices became vacant, and were filled again.* The vehemence of Gardiner spared nothing: and in the absence of Smith and Cheke, his former antagonists in that dispute, he tyrannised over the vowels of the Greek alphabet. † At Oxford also the Visitors deprived many: and to that University the process appeared, perhaps not altogether unjustly, to be an advancement of learning. "But lately," they testified in an address to the Queen, “the cause of letters was almost extinct: some were driven to abandon their studies, others pursued them in perpetual harassment: there was no order; none could lay a plan; so uncertain were events, the safety of every one hung on such slight and trembling threads. Now all is changed." Tresham, to whom this gratulation was

* Fox adds that those who were put in "neither in virtue nor religion seemed to answer to them before." Strype, v. 220.

+ Gardiner's literary controversy with Smith in the time of Henry is well known. He advocated the modern Greek pronunciation, which had been brought into Italy by the early teachers of the language. This reduced all the vowels to the same sound, of iota.

Mr. Froude has transcribed a few sentences of this address, vi. 229 but perhaps the gratitude of an University may deserve to be presented at length, and the whole is as follows. "Tua nos, illustrissima Regina, virtus et splendor ad scribendum impellit. Virtus non sinit immemores esse, splendor et latescere non permittit aut tam excellens

entrusted, was busy in decorating Christchurch with copes and bells, and other religious ornaments.

beneficium silentio præterire. Etenim jam tuæ benignitatis fontes nobis aperiuntur. Satis constat multos mortales tuis opibus tuis muneribus sublevari. Quamobrem non hoc tempore ut nobis aliquid largiare vel concedas petimus, sed a nobis potius gratiarum actiones et officiam quod debemus ut accipias. Recipe hos fructus justissimos nostri amoris, recipe pietatis studium, quo caste integreque flagramus, et hanc nostræ mentis testificationem apud te studiose repone. Quod etsi nulla ex parte par erit tuis meritis, tamen hoc secum affert quod cunctorum ad te voluntates, desideria et animos trahit. Neque enim dissimulandum est quod fatebimur, Regina, incendimus omnes ad gratias tibi quam officiosissime agendas. Impellimur non solum ut immortalis beneficii memoriam conservemus, sed etiam ut nobis ipsis, quibus tantæ principis clementia contigit, gratulemur. Nuper cum literarum studia pene extincta jacerent, cum salus omnium exigua spe dubiaque penderet, quis non fortunæ incertos eventus non extimescebat? Quis non ingemuit et arsit dolore? Pars studia deserere cogebantur: pars huc illucque quovis momento rapiebantur: non ulli certus ordo suumve propositum diu constabat. Sed hæc communis lætitia est: ad privatam revertemur. Sola namque inventa es quæ Oxonienses tuos respicere, afflictos solari, diffidentes eripere dignata es. Sola quæ in perditis ac deploratis temporibus non modo tueri pristinas fortunas nostras, sed etiam amplificare studuisti. Itaque hoc jam apparet, quantis beneficiis Rempublicam universam, nosque, et has sanctissimas sedes literarum regni decus affeceris. Huc enim omnes cogitationes tuæ referuntur, ad hunc finem spectant ut Dei cultus et literarum dignitas propagetur. Non est istud vulgare factum majus quiddam et divinius est: nec quidquam hactenus in omni memoria tale cognovimus. Religionem viri solebant procurare, doctrinam non nisi docti et artibus ab initio instituti promovebant: tua Majestas utrumque fecit. Et ob hoc quidem gaudemus, illud admiramur, hoc palam profitemur, illud tacere non possumus. Illius facti gloria omnibus lucet, hujus ad nos præcipue quodam amore pertinet. Quamobrem, nisi indigni videri volumus, apud quos beneficia tanta ponantur, confitendum est quid acceperimus et præ nobis semper ferendum. Dum literæ exstabunt, et hæ florentissimæ sedes manebunt, dum posteri nostris vestigiis ingredientur, tuæ laudes celebrabuntur, nec ulli tam ingrati reperientur qui de tuis virtutibus conticerent. Hæc est animorum nostrorum significatio et iniquum pretium quo benefacta rependimus, sed ingens erit quicquid principi placuerit. Nunc, ut desinamus aliquando Majestatem tuam verbis onerare, hoc est quod te scire magnopere cupimus, quodque nisi te approbante statui non debere existimamus. Nos volumen confecimus, in quod ea quæ quotannis ad nos redeunt ex tuis donationibus retulimus; quoque modo in singulos annos quidque expendi conveniat nostro consensu declaravimus. Sed ita tamen, ut si

The marriage of the Queen served to give a new activity to the lingering enterprise of Pole the legate. Some natural aversion from the lustre of a younger rival, with whom he could not pretend to compare, had tinged the letters of Reginald to the Queen with plaintiveness: the reports brought to him by his agents were painful to him he had been heard to say that the marriage would never be. Indeed it was the apprehension that he might intervene against Philip that had led the Emperor first to stop him on his way; and then, although after an honourable reception at Brussels, to turn him off to the French king in the character of a messenger of peace. In his mission to France he had been hailed with rejoicing by the unhappy people who were ground to powder in the cruel war between the two great potentates: crowds gathered round him, priests met him in procession, flowers were strewn in his path: his reception at the court of Henry the Second, though tardy, was honourable and magnificent: but he returned without effecting any composition, to be greeted by Charles with the frank remark that in leaving Italy he had taken too much trouble.* Now that the marriage was over, Pole

tuæ Celsitudinis authoribus intercesserit, pro infecto habeatur. Eum nos libellum ad Maj. tuam mittimus, et in primis D. Ric. Treshamo viro ornatissimo et nostræ Academiæ multis nominibus amicissimo deferendum tradidimus, qui hoc negotium pro tuo arbitratu diligentissime procurabit. Dominus Jesus tuam Celsitudinem tueatur, omnibusque qui ejus nomen pie colunt quam diutissime servet incolumem. Ox. 4 Cal. Julii. Majestati tua devinctissimi Cancellarius Universitatis Oxon. et universus ejusdem literarius cætus." State Pap. Dom. Mary, vol. iv. 15. cf. Calend. p. 62.

* Pole's position was so embarrassing about this time that he sent Stella to Rome to remonstrate. Stella held high language there among the papal courtiers: that his master was not to be allowed to lose the glory of his whole life; that if he had not been allowed to gain the popedom, yet he excelled in worth a hundred persons of papal dignity. "L' honore col quale el Card. Polo era uscito di conclave senza esser papa prevalere a quello di cento papati." Stella to Pole, 28 May, 1554: in Pallavicino, xiii. 9. 1.

opened a correspondence with the royal bridegroom: and in one of his letters bestowed on him an eloquent Scriptural comparison. "It is a year since I knocked at the door of Philip's house. If Philip were to ask who is there, it might be answered, One who has been exiled twenty years from his home, that from her home she might not be excluded, whose home now Philip shares. Such an one might expect the door to be opened to him. But it is not a private man who stands there. It is the representative of the successor of St. Peter who knocks. And yet, strange to say, while the ambassadors of other realms are freely admitted, the ambassador of the first of kings and pastors upon earth still waits outside. Nay, it is the ambassador of Peter that knocks. Nay, Peter himself it is that knocks at Mary's house and Mary all this while has not caused the door to be opened to Peter. Peter knocked at Mary's door when he had escaped the fury of Herod: and when he knocked, Mary's maiden opened not at first for gladness: but left Peter without, that she might run and tell Mary. Then Mary came, disregarding all danger, she and they that were with her, and opened the door to Peter. Why should not the royal Mary do the like? She rejoices in knowing that Peter is safe from Herod: then why should she fear, now that Herod is dead? She was permitted to fear for a time: that the chosen son of the Church, her husband whom she had espoused, might share with her the joy of opening to Peter. Let Philip inspire her with confidence, for it is not even Peter only, it is Christ who knocks. Christ stands at the door and knocks in me his vicar. Open the door, then: open, lest rains descend, and winds blow, and great be the fall of that house that admits not Christ." *

* 21 Sept. from Dillingen near Brussels. Burnet Collect. Pt. III. Bk. 7. No. 30: Poli Epist. V. 162. Hook and Mr. Froude have both given versions of this characteristic letter.