unmarried clergy, as in Wales and on the continent. To this the Bishop made no reply, "but looked as it were asquint at it"; and Rogers was conducted forth, and saw him no more.*

The next to be interrogated was Bradford: a more disputative, though not more resolute spirit: whose encounter with the Chancellor was even more prolonged and hotter. "The last time that you were before me," said Gardiner," you had the Queen's pardon offered you. It is offered you again, if you will follow the example of Barlow and Cardmaker, and yield to the religion now set forth."-" My Lords," said Bradford, " sitting in the seat of judgment, so demonstrate yourselves as to seek no innocent blood, nor hunt by questions to bring him into the snare, that is out of the snare. I am guilty or guiltless give sentence in that: and if I am guiltless, give me the benefit of a subject, which hitherto I have not had.”

-"I seek not guiltless blood," said Gardiner, "nor ask thee but of thy doctrine and religion. All thy gesture declareth hypocrisy and vain glory, thy fact at Paul's Cross was presumptuous,† and in prison thou hast hurt the Queen's people by thy letters, as the Earl of Derby declared in the Parliament house."-" For hypocrisy and vain glory, I leave that to another Judge," replied Bradford," my fact at Paul's Cross was for the public benefit.” -"Thou hast stubbornly maintained the erroneous doctrines set forth in King Edward's days."—" I have six times taken oath not to consent to the jurisdiction of the

* Fox, 102. He gives the sentence. The "Officium Domini Stepheni Epi Winton. contra Joh. Rogers alias Matthew," is in the Harleian volume, 421 it has not been printed that I know.

It is curious that Bradford's conduct in rescuing Bourne in the tumult at Paul's Cross was alleged against him more than once. There may have been something said or done by him that was ill taken. Otherwise he would seem to have deserved great commendation instead of blame.

Bishop of Rome here in England."—" As though the oath against Rome were a great matter!"—" If my answering anything that you demand should be consent to the jurisdiction of Rome in England, I dare not answer."—" Now may all men see thine hypocrisy," said Gardiner; "it is because thou darest not answer that thou pretendest this matter of conscience, to escape."-"Tell me of your honour," retorted Bradford, " before God and this audience that you do not ask me anything whereby my answering should consent to the practising of the Bishop of Rome's jurisdiction, and I will answer you flatly and plainly enough in whatsoever you shall demand me.” In great anger Gardiner told him that he was infecting the people with a heresy, to make a conscience where they should not: and likened him to a greedy merchant that would lend no money to his neighbours in need because he had sworn to lend no more, having been often deceived by his debtors. Bradford smartly replied that the cases were unlike that an oath not to help a brother in need was against faith, charity, and God's Word; but an oath against the Bishop of Rome was not: that there was a difference in oaths. "It is against God's Word,” said Gardiner, "to take a king to be supreme head of the Church in this realm."-"No," was the answer, "it is not against but with God's Word, if it be taken as it well may be; that is, attributing to the king's power the sovereignty in all his dominions." The Lord Chancellor then urged that to refuse to swear to obey the Bishop of Rome on the Queen's commandment was absolute disobedience, and to make the Queen no queen. Bradford answered that in swearing to King Edward not to obey the Bishop of Rome he had sworn to King Edward's successors that therefore he denied not the Queen's authority, if he denied her therein. "I deny not all obedience, if I deny obedience in this branch." Gardiner

then put the case that a man was not forsworn if, having sworn to obey the king, he afterwards swore to obey the emperor: that the one excluded not the other. The answer was that the case was not in point: but that if a man had sworn to the king not to obey the emperor, he would be forsworn if he obeyed the emperor: and Bradford rebuked Gardiner for trifling and making light of oaths; and referred him to his own book De Vera Obedientia for the confutation of objections in the matter. "You stood to defend the erroneous doctrine of Edward's time, and have written seditious letters, and you pretend an oath because you are afraid to answer questions," said Gardiner in great passion. "Ask what you will, saving my oath, and you shall see whether I am afraid to answer,' said Bradford. "Then what say you to the blessed Sacrament?" demanded Gardiner; so leading to the dangerous ground. He received the answer that he expected: but at the same time Bradford bitterly reproached him with the cruelty that he was using to him, perhaps inadvertently. "I have been more than a year and a half in prison, and all the time you have never questioned with me upon this, when I might have spoken frankly without peril: now, as soon as you have got a law to put to death if a man answer not to your appetite, you ask me this question." Gardiner seemed appalled; and in a gentle manner replied that he used not that means, that it was not his doing, though some thought it the best way that he had often been challenged for being too gentle and he appealed to Bonner and the rest that it was so who confirmed what he said. The whole argument was gone over again and again between them: and Gardiner was repeatedly brought to a point and confuted : but his temper was too fiery, his position too high, for him to let himself be put to silence: he took refuge in rambling, or, as Bradford has it, "was in a chase, and

said what he would," till he could recover, or take new ground. At length he proceeded to read the sentence of excommunication, in which the examinate was described as a layman. "What," said he, " art thou not a priest?" "I am not," answered Bradford, "nor was I ever beneficed, neither married, neither a preacher before public authority established religion, nor after public authority altered it and yet thus am I handled at your hands.”* He was then formally condemned.

In one of the intervals of this long examination, Lawrence Saunders, the preacher and vicar of Bread Street, was called in, interrogated, and condemned. His case exhibited the same features as the others. The Lord Chancellor invited him to follow the example of himself and all others, who had in manner fallen and risen again, to be conformable, and to return to the Catholic Church. He answered that the power of the Bishop of Rome was usurped, that it had been so agreed by the Catholic Church and declared by public authority; and that he was in the same faith that he had received. The Chancellor then brought in the subject of the Sacrament, and Bonner said that Saunders had written against it.

Saunders urged that he had broken no law by what he had written, since no law was in force at the time that could be broken by what he had written. He then demanded such a pardon as ought to have been given

* Fox, 236: Bradford's Writings, Park. Soc. Bradford was in deacon's orders, ordained by Ridley. It is curious that a man who had been Ridley's chaplain, a prebendary, and one of King Edward's six chaplains, was not a priest. He sent the accounts of his examinations to Ridley, who cordially approved his conduct, especially about the oath. "Blessed be God again and again which gave you so good a mind and remembrance of your oath, once made against the Bishop of Rome." Letter, in Works, p. 369. Bradford's Examinations or "Prison Conferences" were highly esteemed and printed separately by Griffiths in 1561. See Parker Society. The judicial process, or Officium against him, in the Harleian volume, is printed in his Writings, p. 585. In it he is called "Laicus."

to all the prisoners for religion, such that they could accept without burdening their consciences, and be, as they promised, most obedient subjects. He was then sentenced.* As for Bishop Ferrar, he was not called a second time, but reserved to another tribunal. As for Bishop Barlow, his submission procured his freedom, and he fled into Germany.

While these hard knots were being tied so rashly, the city shone with the specious appearance of joy: and though the lists for a terrible conflict were being set, the banners were displayed of a victory already won. On St. Paul's day, January 25, a mighty general procession rolled through London: the schools, the crafts, the aldermen the clerks, the vicars and other curates to the number of a hundred and sixty; eight bishops in their habits, the Bishop of London himself bearing the Host beneath a canopy carried by four prebendaries in grey am ces, perambulated the streets, returned to St. Paul's, met there the King and the Cardinal Legate: the Mass was performed; and at night the flames of innumerable bonfires, that lasted to the morning, celebrated the reconciliation of the kingdom.† The rejoicings of London were answered by Westminster: and from the Abbey issued, and advanced as far as Temple Bar, on January 27, a goodly procession of one hundred children in surplices, one hundred clerks and priests in copes of tissue and cloth of gold, the Dean, Weston, carrying the Host beneath a canopy, followed by two hundred men and women. Twenty torches burned around the canopy: the song of the choristers was sweet. It was ordered that the Feast of St. Andrew should be called the Feast

Fox, 113: the Officium against him is in the Harleian volume already referred to.

+ Grey Friars' Chronicle, p. 94.

Machyn's Diary, p. 81.