epithets that were used of the Prayer Book. His answer to the question why he refused to go to his parish church was, "As the service of the Church, set out in the days of the late King Edward the Sixth, is said by you to be abominable, heretical, schismatical, and all naught, so I say that all that is now used and done in the Church is abominable, heretical, schismatical, and naught." Bonner tried him with some negative articles, examined him repeatedly in consistory with much kindness, but at length condemned him. He was kept long in prison after sentence, but was sent at last to Chelmsford for execution, where he died in the flames, saying to Lord Rich, "You are the cause of this my death."

This circle of martyrs may be enlarged and completed by Rawlins White, an old Welsh fisherman, and Ferrar the Bishop of St. David's, who both perished at the end of March. Of White the imprisonment had lasted above a year, part of it in the palace of Kitchin, the Bishop of Llandaff, at Chepstow, who gave him many opportunities of escaping by flight, in the vain hope of getting rid of him. He was unable to read, but had got many texts by heart; and used to travel about, bring people together, and give some kind of discourses or exhortations, of which the burden was to beware of wolves in sheep's clothing. His wife and family were brought to destitution by his gifts: but the martyr enjoyed great public esteem; and at last suffered vigorously in the presence of many admirers.* The truly unfortunate Bishop Ferrar, after his appearance before Gardiner at St. Mary's Overy, was sent down uncondemned to Caermarthen, February 14, to be tried by his intruded successor Morgan. To the renewed offer of the Queen's pardon on retractation he stood silent to Morgan's articles, in which may be discerned the hand

* Fox, iii. 180.

of a theologian, he refused at first to give answer, till he should see a lawful commission. Subsequently he answered them, adding to his subscribed name that he considered himself the lawful Bishop of St. David's. His answers were rejected by Morgan: and Ferrar thereupon appealed from him as an incompetent judge to the Cardinal Legate: without effect. He was forthwith condemned, degraded not from the episcopate but the priesthood, delivered to the secular power, and burned alive in the market-place of Caermarthen, March 30. He had pledged himself to a spectator to endure his torment so firmly that if he should be seen "once to stir in the pain of his burning," no credit should be given to his doctrine. He remained motionless till the blow of a staff struck him down: so ending with astonishing fortitude a life of cruel and unmerited misfortune.

The public conscience was shocked by these repeated horrors; and at the same time the public intelligence could discern nothing of awe or majesty in the authors of them. A woman sat on the throne, which was shared by a foreigner: a factious council wrangled over letters and orders which half of them detested: a lord chancellor was publicly baffled in argument by men over whom he held the power of life and death: a legate, who was mostly occupied in ceremonies, counselled moderation to the ordinaries, who on their part did nothing,

* Fox, 177. Besides the usual things, Morgan has, That general councils lawfully congregated never did nor can err. That men are not justified by faith only, but that hope and charity are also necessarily required to justification. That the Catholic Church, which only has authority to expound Scriptures, to define controversies, and to ordain things pertaining to public discipline, is visible. This last was no doubt aimed at the Calvinistic distinction of visible and invisible, that the Church of the Creeds is not only visible but invisible, not only the visible Church of baptized persons, "but also all the elect of God, the dead as well as the living." Calvin's Inst. Bk. iv. 1.

or as little as they could: a bench full of restored or intruded bishops contained only one who seemed in earnest; of whom the efforts merely availed to cover himself with obloquy. Above all, the purity of the Queen's intentions was against her. Extending heretical pravity to the most incredible stretch, she endangered all classes and she meant that none should escape for what she deemed deadly and pestiferous error. When Henry the Eighth persecuted under the Six Articles, he certainly endangered all classes; but he let three parts of the indictments go by default. When he hunted the monks, his persecution was directed against a single class and this is by far the safest and easiest kind of persecution. The rest of the community enjoyed the sport: his personal ascendancy overawed his subjects: his motives were within the general comprehension: his measures enriched many, and excited the cupidity of more. But his daughter aroused no hopes; she seemed likely to reduce many of the rich to poverty: she endangered all from no motive that could commend itself either to the many, or, if to some of the few, to the very few. The attempt made by the powers of the realm to treat as heretics the whole nation, so far as the whole nation should hold to the religion which it had received a few years before from the powers of the realm, was new in persecution. In other cases the Church has been persecuted by the heathen state: in other cases again the Church has persecuted heretics: in no other case of persecution has the Church and the State been the same thing in different capacities; which admitted as a whole that which as a whole it then strove to expel: and in the case only of a national Church of unbroken continuity could this have been possible.

In the meantime the restoration of the religion which had been subverted by Henry the Eighth was proceeding.

The statue of St. Thomas of Canterbury, against whom Henry had waged unceasing war, was reared over the gate of St. Thomas of Acres, that is Mercers' Chapel, by order of the Lord Chancellor.* The shrine of Edward the Confessor was set up again in Westminster, to remain to posterity almost the solitary monument of Mary. The beginning was made of a revival of the monastic life in England. +

The Friars Observants, the religious order that first felt the exterminating hand of Henry, were replaced in their house of Greenwich: where as many of the brethren as survived were collected and led home by Griffin, the intruded bishop of Rochester, himself a former friar, albeit of another coat; the veterans Peto and Elstow were put at their head, and their corporation was fulfilled with some new adherents. A second house of the same family was reedified at Southampton. The Dominicans, or Black friars, who formerly had their house in Holborn, and near Castle Barnard in the city, were provided with a convenient house in Smithfield, which was fitted with a chapel. William Peryn, who had been a famous preacher, obtaining renown by his sermons against Lutheranism in the days of Henry the Eighth, was made

*

14 February, Fox, iii. 149: Strype, v. 333.

"The 5 day of Januarii was sant Edward's day: and then was set up the shrine at Westminster and the altar, with divers jewels that the Queen sent thither." Grey Friars' Chron. 94.

"The vii day of April the Observants were put in at Greenwich again by the Bishop of Rochester, Maurice, that was some time a Black friar, at the commandment of the Queen." Grey Friars' Chronicle, 95: Heylin, ii. 190. For Elstow and Peto, see a little further on.

§ Gasquet's Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries, vol. ii. 483. To the proofs that Mr. Gasquet has collected, in his valuable work, of the restoration of the Observants at Southampton, one, which has escaped historians, may be added, a letter of Michiel the Venetian, which records that twenty-four pirates, who were executed at Southampton in 1556, were converted by a Franciscan friar. Venetian Cal. p. 620.

|| Heylin, ii. 190. (Robertson's Edn.)

their prior. The Bridgettite nunnery of Sion, near Brentford, was repaired, and a sufficient estate in lands was added to it by the Queen: * such of the former nuns, but the most were dead or married, as remained alive and single: with some others who were willing to embrace that life made up a competent number for a new plantation, which was placed under the charge of Katherine Palmer the former abbess.† The restitution of the abbey lands, the impracticable project against which the laity were arrayed, still occupied the thoughts of Mary: upon it she conferred with Pole: ‡ and unlike all other revolutionists, she determined to set the example herself. Calling before her the Marquis of Winchester, High Treasurer, Rochester the Controller, Petre the Secretary of the Council, Inglefield the Master of the Wards, she informed them in solemn language of her resolution to restore all the church and monastic lands remaining in possession of the Crown: that she preferred the salvation of her soul to the maintenance of her imperial dignity, if it could not be furnished without such assistance. She bade them repair immediately to the Cardinal, and give attendance on him for the full declaration of the state of her kingdom, and of the aforesaid possessions of the Crown: and herein she associated with them the Lord Chancellor. The consultation was held: the Queen's words were turned into Latin by Pole; and sent by a messenger to the Pope. And there the matter lay for the time: neither Gardiner nor the rest stirred further in it.|| Indeed few of these transient successes were won without some annoyance or opposition. St. Thomas had not long surmounted Acres

* Dodd (Tierney), 116.

+ Ib. Tanner, Notitia, p. xliii. See the "Brief Summary of what took place in the Church Property," which is conjecturally dated 20 January, 1555, in Cal. of State Pap. Venetian, p. 9.

§ Fox, iii. 182: Heylin, ii. 187: Fuller, Bk. V.: Holinshed. Fox.