found, to the triumphant horror of Pole, to have been sealed with lead by an unpractised pontiff: the ceremonious Legate hastened to procure a second copy fortified by a nobler metal, after the model of the instrument which had presented a new title to a former monarch: the Council delivered the golden Bull to Doctor Carey, the archbishop whom the Pope had lately provided to. Dublin and it was deposited in the treasury, when transcripts had been made for distribution through the island.*

Another of the Bulls was a sweeping annulment of the whole of the late revolution of property, of all the alienations, impropriations, leases and exchanges of ecclesiastical and monastic lands and possessions: which the Pope boldly made "by virtue of the plenitude of his apostolical power." He annulled them all, even if made by former popes, or confirmed by oaths, or established by prescription: commanding the detainers not only to restore what they held, but to make satisfaction for the Part III. Pocock, iii. 425.) Lingard says that they waited outside the walls three days. The entry in the Consistorial Acts is "Romæ, d. vii. Junii 1555, apud S. Marcum fuit consistorium, in quo referente Reverendissimo Puteo erexit insulam Hiberniæ, cujus ab eo tempore quo illius dominium per sedem Apostolicam adepti sunt reges Angliæ qui pro tempore fuerunt, se dominos tantum nuncupare consueverant, et cujus regium titulum quondam Henricus VIII. postquam ab unitate Catholicæ Ecclesiæ et obedientia Romani Pontificis secessit, pretextu cujusdam legis per Parliamentum ejusdem Insulæ, ut pretenditur, latæ primo, et deinde ejus natus Edwardus, VI eorum nominum, qui dum viverent, pro regibus Angliæ se gesserunt, de facto usurpaverant, in regnum, ad instar aliarum insularum, regio titulo, dignitate, et honore fulgentium, sine prejudicio jurium S. Romanæ Ecclesiæ, et cujuscunque alterius in ea, vel ad illam jus habere pretendentis, ac attenta dignitate, honore, facultate, juribus, insignibus regiis, quibus alia Christi fidelium regna utuntur, insignavit et decoravit." Raynaldus, or Poli Epist. v. 136.

* Lingard, vol. v. p. 79. The bull giving Henry the VIII. the title of Defender of the Faith was sealed with gold. Pole says in an epistle to Philip (after the departure of Philip from England): "De Hyberniæ in regnum erectione, perlata est altera Bulla, eodem exemplo quo est illa, quam Oratores Majestatum Vestrarum attulerunt; hoc amplius habet, quod aureo sigillo, ut par erat, munita est." 16 Sept. Epist. v. 42.

mean profits. Here Paul reversed the public act of his own predecessor, undid the work of the English Legate, made void the understanding upon which the reconciliation wholly rested. But the bolt fell dead: it was found that, as England was not named in it, it referred not to England and indeed it seems to have been a manifest of an encyclical or general character, issued by the Pope in his first ardours to all Christendom, not to England in particular. If it included England by implication, his Holiness was presently compelled by the remonstrance of the Legate, at the instance of the King, to exert in the other way the plenitude of his apostolic power by issuing a Bull excepting England expressly from his own revocation of ecclesiastical goods.*

* There is a controversy about this Bull, which was dated July 12, ordering the restitution of all church and monastic lands. The Roman Catholic writers Dodd, Lingard, and Philips, deny that it referred to England. Dodd says that "In reality the bull did not relate to this country. Pole however applied to Rome, and when Parliament assembled, he was able to produce another instrument specially exempting England from the effects of any such revocation" (żż. 115). If the Bull did not relate to England, it is odd that Pole should have taken so much trouble. Lingard says that Pole did it to prevent doubts on the subject: and that Pole obtained also a "Breve declaratorium ejus Bullæ qua bonorum ecclesiasticorum alienationes rescinduntur et confirmatorium eorum quæ he had himself allowed to be retained (Poli Epist. v. 85). Very likely he did; but that makes no difference. No doubt the Pope explained his meaning to be harmless, but what did he mean at first? Lingard also quotes an Italian historian, that the Bull was only to revoke alienations that had been made without due solemnity: which is contradicted by the terms of the Bull itself. (Lingard, v. 73.) Philips is very indignant with Burnet for holding that the Bull included England: but he adds nothing to the argument. Life of Pole, ii. 143. If the Bull did not concern England, why was it sent to England? Fox knew of it, and says that not long after the sending of the Embassy to Rome "the Pope did set forth in print a Bull of Excommunication for all manner of such persons without exception as kept any of the church or abbey lands," &c. : and that then lest the nobility and men of lands should be exasperated, “they subtily abused the pulpits, and dissembled with the people, affirming that the Bull was not meant for England, but for other foreign countries" (ii. 83). It seems clear, 1. That the Pope issued a general Bull recalling

Another Bull came in October with a pall for Heath, in recognition of his appointment to York: and thus was revived a part of the formal jurisdiction claimed by the Apostolic See, the confirmation of the election of metropolitans by the gift of a distinctive ornament.* This Bull was an insolent effusion: in which the whole realm of England was treated contumeliously and while the

alienations, and sent it to England, as to other countries. 2. That on Pole's prompt representation of the danger of this, he nulled one Bull by another and Rome has to make the best of these curious and contradictory acts of plenary apostolic power. Pole lost no time in procuring the second Bull as an antidote to the first and it would seem that he was anticipated by Cardinal Morone, protector of England at Rome. He relates in a letter to the latter, of August 9, that the King had warned him that some of the Council were murmuring greatly about the revocatory Bull, as if it embraced England, and that it should be kept secret, or it would give great offence, unless the suspicion were removed: that the Queen said it would be better to apply a remedy than trust to secrecy : and that he himself had told them that the remedy had been already applied in another Bull through Morone, who had warned the Pope of danger begging Morone to send it forthwith. Cal. of State Pap. Venetian, p. 154. A month later, after Philip's departure from England, Pole wrote to him, "De Bulla, qua hujus regni bona ecclesiastica ab ejus Sanctitatis revocatione nominatim excipiantur, ut primo quoque tempore mittatur, nunc mei nuncii huc redditus expectatur." To Philip. Epist. V. 42. The alarm caused by the first Bull was so great that the cautious Sir Wm. Petre got his monastic spoils assured to him by a special papal dispensation. Strype, v. 256. There is a curious version of the story of these Bulls, given by the Venetian ambassador Michiel: that the former of them was sent to England by some Englishmen in Italy, to create alarm : and that some persons in England were imprisoned for spreading the alarm that it was further found necessary to get the second Bull to allay the alarm. Cal. of State Pap. Venet. 189. Pole himself repeats this story in a letter of October 26, from which it seems that the second Bull had not then arrived: he says that he has tried to dispel suspicion, but has no letters. Ib. p. 224.

* The confirmation of the elections of metropolitans was a great branch of the Roman jurisdiction. Metropolitans received on their election the gift of the pallium, which had become their distinctive ornament, though in more primitive times emperors and patriarchs sent a present of a pall to any bishop. Augustine of Canterbury, after being ordained archbishop, received a pall from Gregory and mention of the like gift is frequently made with succeeding archbishops. I return to this.

Church and the bishops were called schismatical, the kingdom and the kings, as it regarded the two last preceding reigns, were called pretended. Such language had never before been used by Rome to England. "We appoint thee to the vacant church of York: and thou mayest be consecrated by any Catholic Archbishop and two or three Catholic bishops in communion with the Apostolic See. But as before our provision and appointment, during the schism, thou wast instituted by one or more schismatical bishops in the time of Henry and Edward, pretended Kings of England, though those bishops were otherwise ordained and consecrated by the forms of the Church, and only on account of the schism were lacking in the actuality of the episcopal order, and as thou art marked by the clerical characters, and hast passed the lower grades, and by the said pretended kings hast been instituted bishop in fact of Rochester, and then of Worcester, and been actually in possession of those churches and since for the former of them thou wast consecrated by three bishops, schismatical as aforesaid, appointed by those pretended kings to churches, but otherwise ordained and consecrated rightly, and only in respect of the schism lacking in the actuality of the episcopal order; and since in other respects thou rightly and duly undertookest thy duties, and then in like manner resignedst Worcester; and since in our letters there was no mention of these things, and so thou doubtest that there may be no valid provision or appointment on our part: We with paternal charity considering thy state, that thou mayest preside over York with a pure conscience, that our provision may be valid and in no way impugned, grant and decree to thee by our authority the full eminence of the church of York as archbishop and pastor."*

*Rome, 30 Oct. 1555. Wilkins, iv. 129. The Latin is very barbarous and difficult but I have tried to give the meaning.

There were other Bulls and Breves. The King and Queen sent several requests to his Holiness concerning affairs of the Church: and the Legate received responsive documents. There was one for the union of the legation of Ireland with that of England: others for the erection of the bishoprics of Chester and Gloucester,* of which the one had been erected, the other merged in another, without leave asked from Rome: there were others providing bishops for vacant sees in Ireland and England.†

In the course of this year a curious correspondence passed between the English Legate and the mighty founder of the Company of Jesus. The unwearied saint, now not far from the end of his career, offered what service might be needed in assistance of the restoration of religion, as he expressed it, in England, giving a glowing picture of the progress of his own Society. "I know," said Ignatius, "the charity with which your most reverend lordship includes this poor fraternity among the vast concerns that occupy your mind, and am able to tell you that we make good progress both in the house of our professed and in our Roman and German colleges. Sixty persons are in our house of profession : in college are more than seventy, all diligent students, with more than five hundred who attend lectures, living outside. Among the Germans is an Englishman, and in the Roman college there is an Irishman. If for future service you will send thence hither to either

* Carne to King and Queen. Rome, July 16, 1555. Calend. of St. Pap. For. 179.

+ Queen to the Pope, recommending Hugh Lacy to Limerick. Sept. 5. Ib. 184. There is a list of provisions of this Pope, written by Morone, in Pole's Epist. v. 133: also in Raynaldus, anno 1555, and 26. He provided Thirlby to Ely; Hopton to Norwich; Holyman to Bristol; confirming likewise the erection of that see: Goldwell (called Terbeville) to S. Asaph : Stanley to Man Carey to Dublin: and ratified Baines whom Pole gave to Coventry and Lichfield.