the nobility, and the married clergy, who met for worship in a quarter of the city called Pataria. This Dr. Allix thinks "the original of the name of Patarines."....a nickname given also to the Waldeuses," because the Waldenses were those Subalpini in Peter Damian, who at the same time maintained the same doctrines in the archbishoprick of Turin."* These events happened in the 11th century, at which period, it therefore appears, the church of Milan, including the Waldenses, avowed that independence of Rome, which Angilbertus, archbishop of Milan, and his successors, had before maintained, in opposi

That the clergy of the church of Turin coincided with the Patarines of Milan at this period, appears from the same Peter Damian's letter to Cunibert the archbishop, in which he acknowledges that "they were sufficiently brought up in learning; ...... that they shone as a conspicuous senate of their church ..... but that he was told those clergymen were married." They did not receive with im plicit submission the pope's dictates, since "they defended themselves by the authority of the Holy Scripture, and opposed councils to councils."-Allix, pp. 243. 4.

+ Angilbertus was the contemporary of Claudius of Turin, and like him esteemed by Lewis the Meek. His opposition to the pretensions of Rome kept the churches of Rome and Milan at variance for 200 years. As late as A. D. 1125, Anselm, archbishop of Milan, refused to receive the pall from pope Honorius II. lest the church of Milan should be considered subject to that of Rome.

tion to the decrees of the popes and the intrigues of those emissaries who sought to bring it into subjection. Whether archbishop Wido's party, (who advocated the marriage of the clergy,) or their opponents, were the original Patarines, it is evident that a body of episcopal clergy at Milan, with the archbishop at their head, and who coincided with the Waldenses, resisted the pope's unscriptural decrees in the 11th century. Godfrey, the successor of archbishop Wido, resisted pope Gregorv VII. also, maintaining that the right of investiture belonged to the emperor, not the pope. The ordination of the Patarine and Subalpine (Waldensian) pastors, by regularly authorized bishops, is therefore clear up to that period.

From that period, regardless of the sanction of Rome, and that of any bishops who prostrated themselves to its pontiff, they propagated their tenets throughout Europe. This we find a matter of accusation in a decree of pope Lucius III. in 1215, against "the Cathari, Paterines, poor men of Lyons, &c. who assumed a right to preach, unauthorized by the apostolic see, and the bishop of each place."

From the date of their separation, in fact, from the church of Milan,-or rather preserva

See note pp. 365, 6.

tion of the ancient discipline, when Milan became the seat of error,-the Patarines claimed a right, sanctioned by the practice of Rome and Milan,*-that of electing their own bishops.

If the Patarine and Waldensian bishops were censured for propagating their pure primitive religion in the Roman catholic dioceses in different parts of Europe, they might assert that they assumed no new power, since " Gregory Nazianzen says of Cyprian, that he was an universal bishop; that he presided not only over the church of Carthage and Africk, but over all the regions of the west," &c. They might cite the example of Athanasius, who, "When the church was in danger of being over-run with Arianism...... made no scruple to ordain in several cities as he went along, though they were not in his own diocese," and might add, "That in cases of pressing necessity ....where the interest of God was to be served, every bishop had power to act in any part of the church."t

* The bishop of Rome is uniformly elected by the cardinal priests, and deacons, of Rome. In early times the people took part in the election. The election of Ambrose to be bishop of Milan, by the common suffrage of clergy and people, is a well known fact.

* Bingham, vol. i. b. ii. ch. v.

Numerous documents concur to prove that the Patarines and Waldenses preserved the episcopal office in after-ages, in their system of ecclesiastical polity. "In an ancient abridgment of the opinions of the Waldenses, recorded by Wolfius, (Lect. Memor. ad ann. 1160.) they absolutely deny the pope's primacy over all churches; neither do they hold that any other orders ought to be retained in the church but those of priests, deacons, and bishops.*" Dr. Allix farther cites Matthew Paris, (ad ann. 1234,) who speaks of a bishop of the Patarines in Cremona, who was deposed;—" Raynerus, who lived in 1250, as acknowledging that they had their bishops in Lombardy, (cap. v.) Lombardiam intrantes visitant episcopos suos,— when they come into Lombardy they visit their bishops; and Claude Seyssel, (bishop of Turin,) as writing thus respecting the Waldenses, "Those whom they judge to be the best amongst them, they appoint to be their priests, to whom upon all occasions they have recourse, as to the vicars and successors of the apostles."

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A treatise entitled Origo. Valdensium," which relates the proceedings of Albertus de

* Allix's Remarks, p. 239.

Capitaneis against them, affirms, that "Formerly the barbes used to be created by their great master, or cathedral-man in the city of Acquila* in the kingdom of Naples." Leger however, does not consider this a credible statement.

Leger remarks, that until a convent was built in the valleys in the 14th century, and the abbey of Villar (built in 1228,) was given in 1444 to the inquisitors, (Benedictines,) there were no spies sent by Rome to harass the Vaudois; moreover that the parish priests and curés in the Vaudois territory taught frequently the same truths as the barbes; he adds, "There were even others who, retaining their titles and mitres, taught the truth freely to their parishioners, so that, as there were many priests of this description whom the barbes or pastors of the true protestants (bearing with their weakness) embraced as brethren, it hence arose that their pastors assumed with equal readiness the name of priests, of pastors, of barbes, and even of bishops."

Reinerius the monk, cited by Leger,† says of

Is it probable that Aquileia, the ancient metropolis of Venetia and Istria, (a province in "the diocess of Italy,") is intended? Dr. Allix shews that the bishops of Aquileia resisted the pope's supremacy.-Allix's Remarks, pp. 24. 47--52, &c. + Hist. p. 199.