Failure Analysis of Engineering Materials

A. Dedication -- B. Preface -- 1. Introduction -- CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES -- Objectives -- Approach to Failure Analysis of Materials -- Tools of Failure Analysis -- Sample Preparation -- References -- Bibliography -- Appendix 1A#Stereomicroscopy -- Appendix 1B#Care and Handling of Fractures -- Appendix 1C#Preparation and Preservation of Fracture Specimens -- Appendix 1D#Cleaning of Fracture Surfaces -- Appendix 1E#Examination of Cleaning Techniques for Postfailure Analysis -- Appendix 1F#Recommended Cleaning Solutions for Metallic Fractures -- Appendix 1G#A Scale and Rust Removal Solution -- 2. Mechanical Aspects and Macroscopic Fracture-Surface Orientation -- CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES -- Introduction -- Tensile Test -- Principal Stresses -- Stress Concentration -- Triaxial Stress and Constraint -- Plane Stress -- Plane Strain -- Fracture of Tensile Samples -- Effect of Strain Rate and Temperature -- Crack Propagation -- Meaning of Ductile and Brittle Fracture -- Fracture Mechanics and Failure -- Fatigue Loading -- Creep Deformation -- References -- Bibliography -- 3. Fracture Mechanisms and Microfractographic Features -- CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES -- Introduction -- Slip and Cleavage -- Twinning -- Cleavage Fracture Topography -- Void Coalescence -- Mixed Mechanism and Quasicleavage Fracture -- Tearing Topography Surface -- Intergranular Separation -- Fatigue Fracture Topography -- High-Temperature Fracture Topography -- Environmentally Assisted Fracture -- Flutes -- Wear -- Fracture in Ceramics -- Fracture Mechanisms in Polymeric Materials -- Stereo Examination of Fracture Surfaces -- Comparison of SEM and TEM Fractographs -- Artifacts -- References -- Bibliography -- 4. Fracture Modes and Macrofractographic Features -- CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES -- Introduction -- Tensile Overload -- Torsion Overload -- Bending Overload -- Fatigue Fracture -- Correlation of Micro- and Macrofractographic Features -- References -- Bibliography -- 5. Failure Analysis of Composites -- CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES -- Introduction -- Polymer Matrix Composites -- Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) -- Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) -- References -- 6. Electronic Failure Analysis -- CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES -- Introduction -- Failure Mechanisms -- Failure Analysis Process -- Tools and Techniques for Electronic Failure Analysis -- Failure Analysis of Electronic Packages -- References -- 7. Case Studies -- CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES -- Introduction -- Case A: A Cracked Vacuum Bellows -- Case B: Failure of a Large Air-Conditioning Fan Blade -- Case C: A Cracked Automobile Flywheel Flex Plate -- Case D: Failed Welded Railroad Rails -- Case E: Broken Stainless-Steel Wires from an Electrostatic Precipitator -- Case F: Broken Wire Cutters -- Case G: Broken Steel Punch -- Case H: Broken Stainless-Steel Hinge for a Check Valve -- References -- Bibliography -- A. Appendix A: Temperature Conversions* -- APPENDIX PRELIMINARIES -- Temperature Conversions -- B. Appendix B: Metric Conversion Factors* -- APPENDIX PRELIMINARIES -- C. Appendix C: Converting Common Units from the English to the Metric (SI) System* -- APPENDIX PRELIMINARIES -- D. Appendix D: Rockwell C and B Hardness Numbers for Steel* -- APPENDIX PRELIMINARIES -- E. Appendix E: The Relations between ASTM Grain Size and Average Grain "Diameter"* -- APPENDIX PRELIMINARIES -- F. Appendix F: Comments on Magnification Markers -- APPENDIX PRELIMINARIES -- G. Appendix G: Acronyms Used in Electronic Failure Analysis -- APPENDIX PRELIMINARIES -- H. Glossary*