chooses female game as the objects of his pursuit.=9:) You - a IV. TWELFTH NIGHT: OR, WHAT = = = || = 27:) Some mollification for your giant,] Ladies, in romance, are guarded by giants, who repel all improper or troublesome advances. Viola may likewise allude to the diminutive size of Maria, who is called, on subsequent occasions, little villain, youngest wren of nine, &c. = 28:)— Look you, sir, such a one as I was this present: Is't not well done?] The line should perhaps run thus: "Look you, sir, such as once I was, this presents." = 29:) 'Tis beauty truly blent,] i, e. blended, mixed together. 30:) "Though your beauty were unparalleled, it would not be more than a just recompense for such love as my master's." MALONE.=31:) In voices well divulg'd,] Well spoken by the world.=32:) Write loyal cantons] for cantos.=33:) The county's man:] County for count. =34:) Mine eye, &c.] I think the meaning is, I fear that my eyes will seduce my understanding; that I am indulging a passion for this beautiful youth, which my reason cannot approve. MALONE. 35:)-Ourselves we do not owe;] i.e we are not our own masters. We cannot govern ourselves.= = = ACT II. =1:)— to express myself.] That is, to reveal || myself. = 2:) — the breach of the sea,] i.e. what we now call the breaking of the sea. 3:) - with such estimable wonder,] wonder and esteem.=4:) "She took the ring of me!" MALONE. 5:)—the pregnant enemy-] i. e. enemy of mankind. 6:) How easy is it for the proper false || In women's waxen hearts to set their forms! How easy is it, for those who are at once proper (i. e. fair in their appearance) and false, (i. e. deceitful) to make an impression on the easy hearts of women?=7:) How will this fadge?] To fadge, is to suit, to fit. 8:)-diluculo surgere,] saluberrimum est: an adage. = 9:) -a stoop-] A stoop seems to have been something more than half a gallon.=10:)—the fool has en excellent breast.] i. e. voice. =11:) I sent thee sixpence for thy leman:] i. e. mistress.=12:) I did impeticos thy gratillity; for Malvolio's nose is no whipstock:] i. e. I did impetticoat or impocket thy gratuity, for Malvolio may smell out our connection. 13:) of good life?] i. e. of a moral, or, perhaps, a jovial turn.=14:)—make the welkin dance-] That is, drink till the sky seems to turn round. = 15) · draw three souls out of one weaver?] i. e. hale the soul out of a weaver (the warmest lover of a song) thrice over; or, in other words, give him thrice more delight than it would give another man. MALONE. 16:) Tilly-valley, lady!] Tillyvalley was an interjection of contempt; or as Mr. Douce thinks, is a hunting phrase borrowed from the French.= 17:) coziers' catches-] A cozier is a tailor, or botcher. 18:) Sneck up!] Mr. Malone and others observe, that from the manner in which this cant phrase is employed in our ancient comedies, it seems to have been synonymous to the medern expression-Go hang yourself. STEEVENS.=19:) — rub your chain with crums:] Stewards anciently wore a chain as a mark of superiority over other servants. And the best method of cleaning any gilt plate, is by rubbing it with crums. =20:)-rule;] Rule is method of life. 21:)-a aayword,] a byeword. 22:) Possess us,] That is, inform us, teil us. 23:) an affection'd ass,] Affection'd means affected.= 24:) - great swarths:] A swarth is as much grass or corn as a mower cuts down at one stroke of his scythe. =25:) - Penthesilea.] i. e. Amazon. = 26:) call me Cut.] i. e. call me horse.=27:)-recollected-] Studied, or perhaps oft repeated. =28:)—favour -] i. e. countenance.=20:)-free —] Is, perhaps, artless, free from art. 30:)— silly sooth,] It is plain, simple truth.=31:) And dallies with the-] Plays or trifles. 32:) the old age.] The ages past, times of simplicity. 33:) The cypress wood, of which coffins were made. 34:)-a very opal!] A precious stone of almost all colours. 35:) That nature pranks her in,] i. e. adorns. 36: ) bide no denay.] Denay, is denial. = 37:) — nettle of India? The nettle of India is the plant that produces what is called cow-itch, a substance only used for the purpose of tormenting, by its itching quality.=38:)- how he jets-] To jet is to strut. 39:) the lady of the strachy-] No probable meaning has been discovered for this word by the commentators. 40:) my state, -] A state, in ancient language, signifies a chair with a canopy over it.=41:)—come from a day-bed,] i. e. a couch. 42:) Though our silence be drawn from us with cars,] i. e. though it is the greatest pain to us to keep silence. 43:)-brock!] i. e. badger; a term of contempt. = 44:)—stannyel—] The stannyel is the common stone-hawk, which inhabits old buildings and rocks. 45:) ACT I. 1:) Of what validity and pitch soever,] Validity is here used for value. MALONE, who reads soe'er.= 2:) That it alone is high-fantastical.] High-fantastical, means fantastical to the height.3:) The element itself, till seven years heat,] Heat for heated. The air, till it shall have been warmed by seven revolutions of the sun, shall not, &c. 4:) (Her sweet perfections,)] Liver, brain, and heart, are admitted in poetry as the residence of passions, judgment, and sentiments. These are what Shakspeare calls, her sweet perfections, though he has not very clearly expressed what he might design to have said. STEEVENS. 5:) "This is Illyria, lady." MALONE.=6:) That will allow me-] To allow is to approve. 7:)-as tall a man-] Tall means stout, courageous. 8:) "Viol-de-gamboys." MALONE. 9:)-a coystril,] || i. e. a coward cock. 10:)-like a parish-top.] A large top was formerly kept in every village, to be whipped in frosty weather, that the peasants might be kept warm by exercise, and out of mischief, while they could not work. 11:) Castiliano vulgo;] a cant term, perhaps expressive of contempt. 12:)-mistress Mall's picture?] The real name of the woman whom I suppose to have been meant by Sir Toby, was Mary Frith. The appellation by which she was generally known, was Mall Cutpurse. She was at once a prostitute, a bawd, a bully, a thief, a receiver of stolen goods, &c. &c. On the books of the Stationers' Company, August 1610, is entered-"A Booke called the Madde Pranks of Merry Mall of the Bankside, with her Walks in Man's Apparel, and to what Purpose. Written by John Day." STEEVENS. 13:)-a sink-a-pace.] i. e. a cinque-pace; the name of a dance, the measures whereof are regulated by the number five. = 14:)-flame-coloured stock.]i. e. stocking.= 15:) Taurus? that's sides and heart.] Alluding to the medical astrology still preserved in almanacs, which refers the affections of particular parts of the body to the predominance of particular constellations. JOHNSON. 16:)-a barful strife!] i. e. a contest full of impediments. 17:) - lenten answer:] a short and spare one. 18:) if one (point) break,] Points were metal hooks, fastened to the hose or breeches, (which had then no opening or buttons,) and going into straps or eyes fixed to the doublet, and thereby keeping the hose from falling down. BLACKSTONE. 19:)-no better than the fools' zanies.] i. e. fools' baubles, which had upon the top of them the head of a fool. DOUCE.=20:) Now Mercury endue thee with leasing, for thou speakest well of fools!] i. e. May Mercury teach thee to lie, since thou liest in favour of fools!|| =21:)· -a most weak pía mater.] The pia mater is the membrane that immediately covers the substance of the brain. =22:) — above heat-] i. e. above proper heat. = 23:)stand at your door like a sheriff's post,] It was the custom for that officer to have large posts set up at his door, as an indication of his office: the original of which was, that the king's proclamation, and other public acts might be affixed thereon, by way of publication. =24:) or a codling when 'tis almost an apple:] A codling anciently meant an immature apple.=25:)-1 am very comptible,] Comptible for submissive. 26:)-I am to hull here-] To hull means to drive to and fro upon the water, without sails or rudder.== = = formal capacity.] i. e. any one whose capacity is not out of form. 46:) Sowter-] Sowter is here perhaps the name of a hound.=47:) — Be opposite-] That is, be adverse, hostile. 48:) Day-light and champian-] i. e. broad day and an open country. =49:) - I will be point-de-vice,] i. e. with the uimost possible exactness. = 50)-a pension of thousands to be paid from the Sophy.] Alluding, as Dr. Farmer ob serves, to Sir Robert Shirley, who was just returned in the character of embassador from the Sophy. He boasted of the great rewards he had received, and lived in London with the utmost splendor.=51:) — tray-trip?] some kind of game.: 52:)-aqua-vita-] is the old name of strong waters.= ACT III. =1:) a_cheveril glove-] i.e. a glove made of kid leather.2:)-the haggard,] The hawk called the haggard, if not well trained and watched, will fly after every bird without distinction. = 3:) - the list] is the bound, limit, farthest point. JOHNSON, 4:)-most pregnant and vouchsafed car.] Pregnant for ready; vouchsafed for vouchsafing. = = = 5:) — "all three all ready." MALONE. = 6:) — “'beseech you." MALONE.=7:) To one of your receiving—] i. c. to one of your ready apprehension. 8:) -a cyprus,] is a transparent stuff. =9:) - a grise;] is a step, sometimes written greese, from dégrès, French. = 10:)—"tis a vulgar proof,] That is, it is a common proof. 11:) And that no woman has;] And that heart and bosom I have never yielded to any woman. =12:) - as lief be a Brownist,] The Brownists were so called from Mr. Robert Browne, a noted separatist in Queen Elizabeth's reign. = 13:)—in a martial hand; be curst-] Martial hand, seems to be a careless scrawl, such as showed the writer to neglect ceremony. Curst is petulant, crabbed. 14:) And his opposite,] Opposite or adversary.=15:) He does smile his face into more lines than are in the new map, with the augmentation of the Indies:] A clear allusion to a Map engraved for Linschoten's Voyages, an English translation of which was published in 1598. This map is multilineal in the extreme, and is the first in which the Eastern Islands are included. STEEVENS. 16:) But, were my worth,] Worth, i. c. wealth or fortune. 17:) He says, he'll come ;] i.e. I suppose he says, &c.=18:) "But in very strange manner. He is sure possess'd, madam." MALONE. 19:) "Some guard"] Malone prints this speech as prose. 20:) "I am as mad as he." MALONE.=21:) — midsummer madness.]'Tis midsummer moon with you, is a proverb in Ray's Collection; signifying, you are mad. STEEVENS. = = 22:) I have limed her; I have entangled or caught her. 23:)- Fellow!] This word, which originally signified companion, was not yet totally degraded to its present meaning; and Malvolio takes it in the favourable sense. JOHNSON. 24:)-cherry-pit-] Cherry-pit is pitching cherry-stones into a little hole.=25:) Hang him, foul collier!] Collier was, in our author's time, a term of the highest reproach. = 26:) - a finder of mad men.] Finders of madmen must have been those who acted under the writ De lunatico inquirendo.=27:) He is knight, dubbed with unhacked rapier, and on carpet consideration; That is, he is no soldier by profession, not a knight banneret, dubbed in the field of battle, but, on carpet consideration, at a festivity, or on some peaceable occasion, when knights receive their dignity kneeling, not on the ground,| as in war, but on a carpet. Mr. Malone reads unhatch'd.= 28:)-hob, nob,] This adverb is corrupted from hap ne hap; as would ne would, will ne will; that is, let it happen or not; and signifies at random, at the mercy of chance; and is, perhaps, the origin of our hob nob, or challenge to drink a glass of wine at dinner. 29:) "Firago."-MALONE.] A corruption of virago. = 30:) the stuck-] The stuck is a corrupted abbreviation of the stoccata, an Italian term in fencing. 31:) he pays you] i. e. hits you, does for you. =32:)—by the duello-1 i. e. by the laws of the duello. 83:) Nay, if you be an undertaker,] A man who takes upon himself the quarrel of another.= = ACT IV. 1:) I pr'ythee, foolish Greek,] Greek, was as much as to say bawd or pander. He understood the Clown to be acting in that office. = 2:) In this uncivil and unjust extent] Extent in law, is taken here for violence in general. JOHNSON. 3:) The competitors enter.] That is, the confederates or associates. 4:)—it hath bay-windows,-] A bay-window is the same as a bow-window; a window in a recess or bay. 5:) Clear story, a term in architecture, denoting the row of windows running along the upper part of a lofty hall or church. 6:) constant question.] i. e. regular conversation.=7:) Nay, I am for all waters.] Shakspeare is supposed to allude to the sense of the word water as used by jewellers, which makes a play of words with Topas. 8:)-propertied me;] They have taken possession of me, as of a man unable to look to himself. = 9:) I am shent, &c.J i. e. scolded, reproved. =10:) Like to the old vice,] The vice was the fool of the old moralities.=11:) Yet there he was; and there I found this credit,] i. e. account, information.= 12:)-all instance, all discourse,] Discourse, for reason. Instance is example. = 13:)-deceivable.] For deceptious. 14:) Whiles-1 is until, and still so used in the northern counties. = = ACT V. = 1:) — scathful-] i. e. mischievous, destructive. = 2:)—as fat and fulsome - Fat means dull. = 8:) Like to the Egyptian thief, &c.] This Egyptian thief was Thyamis, recorded in Heliodorus Ethiopics. 4:) — strangle thy propriety:] Suppress, or disown thy property. 5:5interchangement of your rings;] In our ancient marriage ceremony, the man received as well as gave a ring.=6:)case? Case is a word used contemptuously for skin.='7:) Then he's a rogue. After a passy-measure, or a pavin, hate a drunken rogue.] i. e. next to a passy-measure or a pavin, &c.. It is in character, that sir Toby should express a strong dislike of serious dances, such as the passamezzo and the pavan are described to be. TYRWHITT. Mr. Malone reads, "and a passy measures pavin."8:) "Will you help? MALONE. An ass-head, &c." 9:) A natural perspective,] A glass used for optical deception. = 10:) Of charity,] i. e. out of charity, tell ine, &c. =11:) A most extracting frenzy-] i. e. a frenzy that drew me away from every thing but its own object. 12:)— you must allow vox.] i. e. my tone or voice. 13:)-geck, A fool. = 14:) at sir Toby's great importance ;] importunacy. 15:) convents,] i. e. shall serve, agree, be convenient,= = = V. MEASURE FOR MEASURE. ACT I.1:) Since I am put to know,] may mean, I am compelled to acknowledge. = 2:) — lists] Bounds, limits.= 3:)- Then no more remains | But that to your sufficiency, as your worth is able, || And let them work.] Something is wanting in this passage, which the commentators have not been able to supply. The meaning may be, your skill in government is in ability to serve me, equal to the integrity of your heart, and let them co-operate in your future ministry. 4:)· -with special soul || Elected him-] By these words the poet perhaps means that he was the immediate choice of his heart. 5:) thy belongings—] i, e. endowments. 6:) Are not thine own so proper,] i. e. are not so much thy own property. STEEVENS. = 7:)—to fine issues:] To great consequences. = = 8)- -- I do bend my speech || To one that can my part in him advertise ;] This is obscure. I believe the meaning is I am talking to one who is himself already sufficiently conversant with the nature and duties of my office. MALONE.=9:) i. e. "I delegate to thy tongue the power of pronouncing sentence of death, and to thy heart the privilege of exercising mercy." 10:) first in question,] that is, first called for; first appointed. 11:) there went but a pair of sheers between us.] We are both of the same piece.=12:) ( Like rats that ravin—] To ravin was formerly used for eagerly or voraciously devouring any thing.13:)- this we came not to, || Only for propagation of a dower Remaining in the coffer of her friends;] I suppose the speaker means for the sake of getting such a dower as her friends might hereafter bestow on her, when time had reconciled them to her clandestine marriage. STEEVENS. 14:)—the fault and glimpse of newness;] The fault and glimpse is the same as the faulty glimpse. And the meaning seems to be- Whether it be the fault of newness, a fault arising from the mind being dazzled by a novel authority, of which the new governor has yet had only a glimpse, has yet taken only a hasty survey; or whether, &c. Shakspeare has many similar expressions. MALONE. 15:)—so tickle-] i. e, ticklish. 16:) her approbation;] i. e. enter on her probation. 17:)-prone and speechless dialect,] Prone, perhaps, may stand for humble; as a prone posture is a posture of supplication.=18:) Believe not that the dribbling dart] A dribber, in archery, was a term of contempt.19:)—the life remov'd ;] i. e. a life of retirement. =20:) witless bravery-] Bravery, or showy dress. =21:) -keeps.] i. e. dwells, resides. = 22:) Sith-]' i. e. since.= =23:) Stands at a guard-] Stands on his defence. 24:) - make me not your story.] Perhaps, Do not divert your self with me, as you would with a story; but Mr. Maloue thinks we ought to read-"Sir, mock me not:-your story. Luc. "Tis true, &c."=25:)- 'tis my familiar sin || With maids to seem the lapwing,] The modern editors have not taken in the whole similitude here: they have taken notice of the lightness of a spark's behaviour to his mistress, and compared it to the lapwing's hovering and fluttering as it flies. But the chief, of which no notice is taken, is, —— “— and to jest." [See Ray's Proverbs.] "The lapwing cries, tongue far from heart;" i. e, most farthest from the nest.= 26: To teeming foison;] Foison is plenty.=27:) -- tilth -] Tilth is tillage.=28:) Bore many gentlemen, — || In hand, and hope of action:] To bear in hand is a common phrase for to keep in expectation and dependance; but we should read:- with hope of action. JOHNSON.=29:)—to give fear to use- To intimidate use, that is, practices long countenanced by custom. 30:) Has censured him—] i. e, sentenced him.=31:)-would owe-] To owe, in this place, is to have.= = = ACT II. =1:) Provost,] The Provost here is not a military officer, but a kind of sheriff or gaoler.=2:) That thieves do pass on thieves?] Pass or decide. =3:)'Tis very pregnant,] Tis plain that we must act with bad as with good; we punish the faults as we take the advantages that lie in our way, and what we do not see we cannot note. = 4:)— brakes of vice,-] The commentators have not decided the meaning of this word. By brakes of vice may be meant a collection, a thicket of vices. Brake was also the name of an engine of torture. 5:)—whom I detest-] He designed to say protest. 6:) "All-hallownd eve." MALONE. 7:) I'll be supposed-] He means deposed. = 8:)— Justice, or Iniquity? i. e. The Constable or the Fool. Escalus calls the latter, Iniquity, in allusion to the old Vice, a familiar character in the ancient moralities and dumb-shows. = =9:) Hannibal!] Mistaken by the Constable for Cannibal. = 10:) "An't." MALONE. 11:)- take order-] i. e. take measures, =12:) - I'll rent the fairest house in it, after three-pence a bay:] A bay of building is, in many parts of England, a common term, which perhaps means, the space between the main beams of the roof; so that a barn crossed twice with beams is a barn of three bays. = 13:) — — let it be his fault, || And not my brother.] i. e. let his fault be condemned, or extirpated, but let not my brother himself suffer. = 14:) — touch'd with that remorse-] Remorse, for pity.=15:) And mercy then will breathe within your lips, || Like man new made.] As amiable as a man come fresh out of the hands of his Creator; or, as tender-hearted and merciful as the first man was in his days of innocence, immediately after his creation. 16:)-- like a prophet, Looks in a glass,] This alludes to the fopperies of the beril, a kind of crystal = which hath a weak tincture of red in it. Among other tricks of astrologers, the discovery of past or future events was supposed, to be the consequence of looking into it. 17:) But, where they live, to end.] i. e. they should end WHERE they began, i. e. with the criminal. 18:) pelting,] i. e. paliry.19)- gnarled oak,] Gnarre is the old English word for a knot in wood. 20:)- "But man, proud man!"=21:) ——who, with our spleens, || Would all themselves laugh mortal.] By spleens, Shakspeare means that peculiar turn of the human mind, that always inclines it to a spiteful, unseasonable mirth. Had the angels that, says Shakspeare, they would laugh themselves out of their immortality, by indulging a passion which does not deserve that prerogative. 22:)-fond shekels Fond means very frequently in our author, foolish. It signifies in this place valued or prized by folly. 28:) tested gold,] i. e. brought to the test, or cupelled. = 24:). preserved souls,] i. e. preserved from the corruption of the world. 25:) -1|| Am that way going to temptation, | Where prayers cross.] This appointment of his for the morrow's meeting, being a premeditated exposure of himself to temptation, which it was the general object of prayer to thwart. 26:) - But lest you do repent,] i. e. "Take|| care lest you repent [not so much of your fault, as it is an evil] as that the sin hath brought you to this shame.—27:) Showing, we'd not spare heaven, i. e. spare to offend heaven. =28:) There rest.] Keep yourself in this temper. 29:) O, injurious love,] probably should be law. =30:) Whilst my invention,] i. e. imagination.=31:) — with boot,] Boot is profit, advantage, gain. = 32:) Which the air beats for vain.] or vanity. 33:)-case,] For outside garb.=34:) Let's write good angel on the devil's horn, || 'Tis not the devil's crest.] This whole passage, as it stands, appears to me to mean "O place! O form! though you wrench awe from fools, and tie even wiser souls to your false seeming, yet you make no alteration in the minds or constitutions of those who possess, or assume you. Though we should write good angel on the devil's horn, it will not change his nature, so as to give him a right to wear that crest." M. MASON. 35:) The general,- i. e. generality =36:)-that hath from nature stolen, &c.] i. e. that hath killed a man. = 87:) I had rather give my body than my soul.] She means I think, I had rather die, than forfeit my eternal happiness by the prostitution of my person. MALONE. = 38:) Pleas'd you to do't, at peril, &c.] The reasoning is thus: Angelo asks, whether there might not be a charity in sin to save this brother? Isabella answers, that if Angelo will save him, she will stake her soul that it were charity, not sin. Angelo replies, that if Isabella would save him at the hazard of her soul, it would be not indeed no sin, but a sin to which the charity would be equivalent. JOHNSON.= = 39:) Proclaim an enshield beauty] i. e. shielded beauty. =40:) Accountant to the law upon that pain.] Pain or penalty.=41:) (As I subscribe not that,)] To subscribe means, to agree to. Milton uses the word in the same sense.=42:) But in the loss of question,)] i. e. conversation.=43:) "to let him suffer." MALONE. =44:) Ignomy in ransom,] So ignominy was formerly writ- || ten.45:) If not a feodary, but only he, &c.] The meaning should seem to be this:We are all frail, says Angelo. Yes, replies Isabella; if he has not one associate in his crime, if no other person own and follow the same criminal courses which you are now pursuing, let my brother suffer death. MALONE.=46:) In profiting by them.] In taking advantage of them. = 47:) — false prints.] i. e. take any impression. 48:)-hath a licence in't,] an appearance of licentiousness.49:) - seeming! seeming!] Hypocrisy, hypocrisy. 50:) prompture - Suggestion, temptation, instigation.= = ACT III. = = 1:) That none but fools would keep :] i. e. care for. 2:) Thy best of rest is sleep, || And that thou oft provok'st; yet grossly fear'st || Thy death, which is no more.] I cannot without indignation find Shakspeare saying that death is only sleep, lengthening out his exhortation by a sentence which in the Friar is impious, in the reasoner is foolish, and in the poet trite and vulgar. JOHNSON. This was an oversight in Shakspeare; for in the second scene of the fourth Act, the Provost speaks of the desperate Barnardine, as one who regards death only as a drunken sleep. STEE- | VENS. 1 apprehend Shakspeare means to say no more, than that the passage from this life to another is as easy as sleep; a position in which there is surely neither folly nor impiety. MALONE.3:) strange effects,] read affects or affections. 4:)-serpigo,] The serpigo is a kind of tetter.=5:)—palsied ́eld;] "Eld is here put for old people. Shakspeare declares that man has neither youth nor age; for in youth, which is the happiest time, or which might be the happiest, he commonly wants means to obtain what he could enjoy; he is dependent on palsied eld; must beg alms from the coffers of hoary avarice; and being very niggardly supplied, becomes as aged, looks, like an old man, on happiness which is beyond his reach. And, when he is old and rich, when he has wealth enough for the purchase of all that formerly excited his desires, he has no longer the powers of enjoyment. has neither heat, affection, limb, nor beauty, || To make his riches pleasant. 6:) "Bring me to hear them speak." MALONE.= 7:) - -most good IN deed:] i, e. truly. 8:)— an everlasting lieger: Therefore your best appointment -] Lieger is the same with resident. Appointment; preparation; act of fitting, or state of being fitted for any thing. =9:) — a restraint, —- To a determin'd scope.] A confinement of your mind to one painful idea; to ignominy, of which the remembrance can neither be suppressed nor escaped. JouxSON. 10:)-follies doth eumew,] Forces follies to lie in cover, without daring to show themselves. = 11:) As falcon doth the fowl-] as the fowl is afraid to flutter while the falcon hovers over it. 12:) His filth within being east.] To cast a pond is to empty it of mud. = 13:) — princely guards!] i. e. badges of royalty, or outward appearances. Some would read priestly guards, or sanctity. = 14:) — from this rank offence, from the time of my committing this offence, you might persist in sinning with safety. = 15:) Be perdurably find?] Perdurably is lastingly. = 16:) — delighted spirit-] 1. e. the spirit accustomed here to ease and delights. 17:) viewless winds,] i. e. unseen, invisible. = 18:) — warped slip of wilderness] i. e. wildness. 19:)— Take my defiance:] Defiance is refusal.=20:)—but a trade:] A custom; an established habit. =21:) — Do not satisfy your resolution with hopes that are fallible:] i. e. Do not rest with satisfaction on hopes that are fallible.=22:) In good time,] i. e. à la bonne heure, so be it, very well.=23:) — and limit of the solemnity,] i. e. appointed time. 24:) her combinate husband, Combinate is betrothed. = 25:) — bestowed her on her own lamentation,] i. c. left her to her sorrows, or gave her up to them.=26:) — only refer yourself to this advantage, i. e. reserve to yourself. =27:) the corrupt deputy scaled.] i. e. over-reached. = 28:) — the moated grange,] A grange, in its original signification, meant a farinhouse of a monastery, from which it was always at some little distance. = 29:) — bastard.] Bastard was raisin wine. 30:) That we were all, as some would seem to be, Free from our faults, as faults from seeming free!] i. e. as faults are destitute of all comeliness or seeming. The first of these lines refers to the deputy's sanctified hypocrisy; the second to the Clown's beastly occupation. But the latter part is thus ill expressed for the sake of rhyme. WARBURTON. Mr. Malone omits Free at the beginning of the line. =31:) His neck will come to your waist, a cord, sir.] His neck will be tied, like your waist, with a rope. The friars of the Franciscan order, perhaps of all others, wear a hempen cord for a girdle. =32:) — it is not the wear.] i. e. it is not the fashion.=33:) much detected for women;] charged or guilty. = 34:) clack-dish:] The beggars, two or three centuries ago, used to proclaim their want by a wooden dish, with a moveable cover, which they clacked, to show that their vessel was empty. 35:) -an inward of his:] Inward is intimate. 36:) The greater file-] The greater number.=37:)—the business he hath helmed,] The difficulties he hath steer'd through. A metaphor from navigation. 38:) - opposite.] i. e. opponent, adversary, 39:) - There is scarce truth enough alive, to make societies secure: but security enough, to make fellowships accurs'd:] The sense is, "There scarcely exists sufficient honesty in the world to make social life secure; but there are occasions enough where a mau may be drawn in to become surety, which will make him pay dearly for his friendships." : 40:) resolved –] i. e. satisfied. = 41:) — he is indeed — justice.] Summum jus, summa injuria. =42:) Pattern in himself to know,] “Pattern in himself to know," is to feel in his own breast that virtue which he makes others practise. : 43:) How may likeness, made in crimes, || Making practice on the times, || Draw with idle spiders' strings || Most pond'rous and substantial things!] Likeness is here used for specious or seeming virtue. So, before: "O, seeming! seeming!" The sense then of the passage is, How many persons, assuming the likeness or semblance of virtue, while they are in fact guilty of the grossest crimes, impose with this counterfeit sanctity upon the world, in order to draw to themselves by the flimsiest pretensions the most solid advantages; i. e. pleasure, honour, reputation, &c. MALONE. The same critic reads "Mocking practice," and "To draw."= = = ACT IV. =1:)-constantly-] Certainly; without flactuation of mind. =2:)—a planched gate,] i. e. a gate made of boards. 3:) In action all of precept,] i, e. in direction given not by words, but by mute signs. =4:) — I have possess'd him,] I have inform'd him.=5:) - contrarious quests—] Different reports, running counter to each other. = (:) — 'scapes of wit - i. e. sallies, irregularities.=7:) Doth flourish the deceit.] ́i, e, ornament. = 8:) — a good favour -] Favour is countenance. = 9:) yare:] i. e. handy, nimble. 10:) starkly] Stiffly. These two lines afford a very pleasing image. JOHNSON. 11:) To qualify] as we say wine is qualified with water. = 12:) — meal'd—] Were he sprinkled; or perhaps mingled. = 13:) — the unsisting postern-1 i.e. never at rest, always opening.=14:) - siege of justice,] i. e. seat of justice. Siège, French.15:)-putting on:] i. e. spur, incitement. = 16:) one that is a prisoner nine years old.] i. e. that has been confined these nine years. = 17:)—in the boldness of my cunning,] i. e. in confidence of my sagacity.=18:) — the favour.] i.e. the countenance. 19:)for the Lord's sake.] i. e. to beg for the rest of their lives.=20:) — journal-] i. e. daily.= 21:) The under generation,] i. e. the antipodes.=22:)-weal-balanced form] probably well-balanced. 23:)- your bosom-] your wish; your heart's desire. JOHNSON. 24:) I am combined —] i. e. bound by agreement. = 25:)— Wend you] To wend is to go. An obsolete word. = 26:) — duke of dark corners —] this duke who meets his mistresses in by-places. = 27:) he lives not in them.] i. e. his character depends not on them. =28:)-woodman-] A woodman was an attendant or serv ant to the officer called Forester, but is here used in a wanton sense. =29:)-sort and suit,] Figure and rank, or, perhaps, his vassals bound to hold suit and service to their over-lord. 30:) - Yet reason dares her? — no:] yet does not reason challenge or incite her to accuse me?-no, (answers the speaker) for my authority, &c. To dare in this sense, is yet a school-phrase. MALONE. 31:) my authority bears a credent bulk, || That no particular scandal, &c.] Credent is creditable, inforcing credit, not questionable. Mr. Malone reads "bears off." = 32:) you do bleach-] To blench is to start off. 33:) The generous, &c.] i. e. the most noble, &c. 34:) Have Lent the gates,] Have seized or taken possession of.= me, let him be clapped on the shoulder, and called Adam.] ACT V. 1:) - Vail your regard-] i. e. condescend to look, from higher things, upon, &c. 2:)—as shy, as grave, as just, as absolute,] As shy; as reserved as abstracted: as ACT II. 1:) - in the woollen.] I suppose she meansjust; as nice, as exact: as absolute; as complete in all the between blankets, without sheets. STEEVENS. 2:)-be too round of duty. JOHNSON. = 3:) - do not banish reasou important,] i. e. importunate.: = 3:)-your friend?] Friend, For inequality;] Do not suppose I am mad, because I speak in our author's time, was the common term for a lover, and passionately and unequally. MALONE.=4:) And hide the false, applicable to both sexes.=4:)—his dry hand-] A dry hand seems true.] i. e. which seems true. = 5:) How he refell'd was anciently regarded as the sign of a cold constitution. me,] To refell is to refute.=6:) My sisterly remorse-] i. e. = 5:) Hundred merry Tales ;] Perhaps Boccace's Deca pity. 7:) foud wretch,] Fond wretch is foolish wretch. meron. 6:)—his bearing.] i, e. his carriage, his demeanor. 8:) In hateful practice:] Practice was used by the old = 7:) usurer's chain?] Chains of gold, of considerable writers for any unlawful or insidious stratagem. :) In value, were, in our author's time, usually worn by wealthy countenance!]. e. false appearance, hypocrisy.=10:)—his|| citizens, and others; and it appears that the merchants were mere request,] i. e. his absolute request.=11:) Whensoever the chief usurers of the age. 8:)-such impossible conveyhe's couveated.] i. e. cited, summoned. =12:) So vulgarly-]|| ance,] Impossible seems to be used in the sense of increi. e. publicly. 13:) In this I'll be impartial;] Impartial was dible, or inconceivable. 9:)- the infernal Até ] The Godsometimes used in the sense of partial. =14:)——her pro- dess of Revenge, or Discord. 10:) I gave him use for mised proportions || Came short of composition;] Her fortune, it,] Use, or interest. 11:) - a noble strain,] i. e. descent, which was promised proportionate to mine, fell short of the lineage. 12:)-queasy stomach,] i. e. squeamish. 13:) composition, that is, contract or bargain. JOHNSON. == = 15:) intend a kind of zeal-] i. e. pretend. 14:) "Claudio." These poor informal women—] i. e, out of their senses. = MALONE. 15:) We'll fit the kid-fox with a penny-worth.] 16:) -to retort your manifest appeal,] To refer back to i.e. we will be even with the fox now discovered.16:) · Angelo the cause in which you appealed from Augelo to the Stalk on, stalk on: the fowl sits.] An allusion to the stalkDuke. = 17:) Nor here provincial:] Nor here accountable, ing-horse; a horse either real or factitious, by which the as out of his province. 18:) Stand like the forfeits in a fowler anciently sheltered himself from the sight of the barber's shop,] These forfeits, which were customary for- game.17:)—but that she loves him with an enraged afmerly, were as much in mock as mark, both because the bar- Jection, it is past the infinite of thought.] The meaning, ber had no authority of himself to enforce them, and also I think, is, but with what an enraged affection she loves as they were of a ludicrous nature. I perfectly remember him, it is beyond the power of thought to conceive. MALONE. to have seen them in Devonshire, (printed like King Char- 18:) have daff'd-] To daff is the same as to doff, to les's Rules,) though I cannot recollect the contents. HENLEY. do off, to put aside. 19:)-contemptible spirit.] i. e. con19:)-those giglots too,] A giglot is a wanton wench. temptuous. 20:)= - a very proper man.] i. e. a very hand20:) can do thee office?] i. e. do thee service. STEEVENS. some man. 21:) "unworthy to have so good, &c." MALONE. 21:) my passes;] i. c. what has past in my administra- =22:)- was sadly borne.] i. c. was seriously carried ou.= tion.=22:) Advertising, and holy-] Attentive and faithful. 23:) "You take pleasure then in the message." MALONE. =23:)-be you as free to us.] Be as generous to us. = 24:) Make rash remonstrance-] i. e. a premature discovery.= 25:)-denies thee vantage:] The denial of which will avail thee nothing. = 26:) after more advice:] after more consideration. 27:) - according to the trick:] To the trick of the times. 28:) - that is more gratulate.] Some other reward in store for him more acceptable than thanks.= VI. MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING. АСТІ. =1:)—is signior Montanto returned-] Montanto was one of the ancient terms of the fencing-school. = 2:) He set up his bills, &c.] published a general challenge like a prize-fighter. STEEVENS.= 3:)-challenged Cupid at the flight: Flight means a sort of shooting called roving, or shooting at long lengths. The arrows used at this sport are called flight-arrows. 4:) — at the bird-bolt.] The birdbolt is a short thick arrow without a point, and spreading at the extremity so much, as to leave a flat surface, about the breadth of a shilling. =5:) — he'ɩl be meet with you,] i. e. he'll be your match. 6:) - young squarer-] A squarer 1 take to be a choleric, quarrelsome fellow, for in this sense Shakspeare uses the word to square. So, in A MidsummerNight's Dream, it is said of Oberon and Titania, that they never meet but they square. So the sense may be, Is there no hot-blooded youth that will keep him company through all his mad pranks? JOHNSON. :) fathers herself:] This phrase is common in Dorsetshire: "Jack fathers himself;" i. e. is like his father. 8:) the flouting Jack;] Jack, in our author's time, was a term of contempt. 9:)-wear his cap with suspicion?] that is, subject his head to the disquiet of jealousy. 10:) Claud. If this were so, so were it uttered.] i. e. If I had really confided such a secret to him, he would have blabbed it in this manner. 11:) These were the words used in a tragic nursery tale, common in Shakspeare's days and since. =12:) but that I will have a recheat winded in my forehead,] that is, I will wear a horn on my forehead which the huntsman may blow. A recheate is the sound by which dogs are called back. Shakspeare had no mercy upon the poor cuckold, his horn is an inexhaustible subject of merriment. JOHNSON.= 13:) the fine-] i. e. the conclusion. 14:) in a bottle like a cat,] In some counties in England, a cat was formerly closed up with a quantity of soot in a wooden bottle, (such as that in which shepherds carry their liquor,) and was suspended on a line. He who beat out the bottom as he ran under it, and was nimble enough to escape its contents, was regarded as the hero of this inhuman diversion. STEEVENS.=15:) — and he that hits - - ACT III.1:) Proposing with the prince and Claudio:] Proposing is conversing, from the French word -propos, discourse, talk. = = 2:) Misprising-] Despising, contemning, or undervaluing.—3:)—so swift and excellent a wit,] Swift means ready.4:)-argument,] or conversation. 5:) She's lim'd] Entangled with birdlime. 6:) Taming my wild heart to thy loving hand;] This image is taken from falcoury. She had been charged with being as wild as haggards of the rock; she therefore says, that wild as her heart is, she will tame it to the hand. JOHNSON. = 7:)-all slops;] Slops are large loose breeches or trowsers, worn only by sailors at present. = 8:) - Dogberry and Verges,] The first of these worthies had his name from the Dog berry, i. e. the female coruel, a shrub that grows in the hedges in every county of England. Verges is only the provincial pronunciation of Verjuice.=9:)—bills be not stolen:] A bill is still carried by the watchmen at Lichfield. It was the old weapon of English infantry, which, says Temple, gave the most ghastly and deplorable wounds. It may be called securis falcata. JOHNSON. = 10:) · "it bleats." MALONE. 11:) thou art unconfirmed:] i. e. unpractised in the ways of the world. 12:)reechy painting;] Is painting discoloured by smoke.= 13:)-sometime, like the shaven Hercules in the smirched, &c.] Hercules when shaved to make him look like a woman, while he remained in the service of Omphale, his Lydian mistress. Smirched is soiled, obscured. 14:)-rabato- An ornament for the neck, a collar-band or kind of ruff. 15:)-side-sleeves,] Side-sleeves mean long ones.= 16:) - Light o' love;] This is the name of an old dance tune, which occurs also in The Two Gentlemen of Verona.-=17:) no barus.] A quibble between barns, repositories of corn, and bairns, the old word for children. = 18:) - turned Turk,] i e, taken captive by love, and turned a renegado to his religion. 19:)--some moral-] That is, some secret meaning, like the moral of a fable. JOHNSON. 20:)palabras,] So, in The Taming of the Shrew, the tinker says, pocas palabras, i. e. few words. A scrap of Spanish, which night once have been current among the vulgar. = 21:)—it is a world to see!] i, e. it is wonderful to see. 22:) to a non com:] i. e. to a non compos mentis; or, perhaps, to a non-plus. ACT IV. =1:)—some be of laughing,] This is a quotation from the Accidence. JOHNSON. 2:) “Not to knit.” MaLONE. 3:)-word too large;] i. e. licentious. 4:) - that he doth speak so wide?] i, e, so remotely from the present business. 5:)-- kindly power -] That is, kindred power.: 6:) - liberal villain,] Liberal here, as in many places of these plays, means frank beyond honesty, or decency. Free of tongue. 7:) conjecture-] Conjecture is here used for suspicion. 8:) And never shall it more be gracious.] i, e. lovely, attractive. = 9:) The story that is printed in her blood? That is, the story which her blushes discover to be truc. 10:) Chid I for that at frugal nature's frame?] Grieved I at nature's being so frugal as to have framed for me only one child? -- 11:) Who smirched] To smirch is to daub, to sully. 12:) of my book;] i. e. of what I have read. 13:) bent of honour;] Bent is used by our author for the utmost degree of any passion, or mental qual ity. In this play before, Benedick says of Beatrice, her affection has its full bent. == 14:) - we rack the value ;] i. e. we exaggerate the value. The allusion is to rack-rents. 15:)my inwardness - i. e. intimacy.=16:) bear her in hand -- i. e. delude her by fair promises. 17:) - and counties!] County was the ancient general term for a nobleman. =18:)-a goodly count-confect; i. c. a specious nobleman made out of sugar.-19:)- the eftest way:] for deftest, i. e. readiest. 20:) "Let them be in the hands." MALONE. ACT V. 1:)—— make misfortune drunk || With candlewasters;] Perhaps, those who sit up all night to drink.=2:)|| than advertisement.] That is, than admonition. = 3:) Despite his nice fence,] i. e. defence or skill in the science of fencing, or defence. 4:) Canst thou so daff me?] or doff, i. c. put me off.=5:) - foining fence; Foining is a term in fencing, and means thrusting, 6:) Scambling,] i. e. scrambling. 7:)"Come, brother, away."-MALONE. 8:) Nay, then give him another staff; &c.] An allusion to tilting. 9:) to turn his girdle.] A proverbial speech. 10:) Shall I not find a woodcock too?] A woodcock, means oue caught in a springe; alluding to the plot against Benedick. = 11:) What a pretty thing man is, when he goes in his doublet and hose, and leaves off his wit!] Perhaps the meaning is: What an inconsistent fool is mau, when he covers his body with clothes, and at the same time' divests himself of his understanding!= =12:) But, soft you, let be;] i. e. desist. = 13:)-pluck up, my heart, and be sad!] i. e. rouse thyself, my heart, and be prepared for serious consequences!= 14:) Mr. Malone thinks that Dogberry, Verges, &c. should enter here, and not before Claudio's speech. 15:)- incensed me to slander, &c.] That is, incited me. = 16:) was pack'd-] i. e. combined; an accomplice. = 17:) — lewd-] Lewd, in this instance, means ignorant.=18:) I give thee the Bucklers.] To give the bucklers is, perhaps, to yield, or to lay by all thoughts of defence, so clypeum abjicere.=19:) -- in festival terms. i. e. in splendid phraseology. 20:) -- undergoes my challenge; i. e. is subject to it. 21:)-old coil-] Coil is bustle, stir.=22:)-in guerdon-] Guerdon is reward, remuneration.=23:) Those that slew thy virgin knight;] i. e. virgin Hero. 24:) "Why no." MALONE. = 25:) "Troth no, no more than reason." MALONE.= VII. MIDSUMMER-NIGHT'S DREAM. ACT I. 1:)-gawds,] i. e. baubles, toys, trifles.=2:) To leave the figure, or disfigure it.] i. c. you owe to your father a being which he may at pleasure continue or destroy.3:) Know of your youth,] Consider your youth.4:) But earthlier happy-] perhaps, earlier; or, earthly happy. = 5:) spotted As spotless is innocent, so spotted is wicked. 6:) Beteem them-] Give them, pour out upon them. =7:)-momentany as a sound,] i. e. momentary.8:) - the collied night,] Collied, i. e. black, smutted with coal. = 9:) fancy's followers.] Fancy is love. = 10:) — by that fire which burn'd the Carthage queen,] Shakspeare had forgot that Theseus performed his exploits before the Trojan war, and consequently long before the death of Dido.=11:) Demetrius loves your fair:] Fair is used as a substantive.= 12:) Your eyes are lode-stars;] This was a compliment not unfrequent among the old poets. The lode-star is the leading or guiding star, that is, the pole-star.=13:) — 0, were favour so! Favour is feature, countenance. = = 14:)-to be to you translated.] To translate, says Mr. Steevens, in our author, sometimes signifies to change, to transform; but here it obviously means transferred. C. 15:) Tuke comfort; he no more shall see my face; || Lysander and myself will fly this place. — || Before the time I did Lysander see,] Perhaps every reader may not discover the propriety of these lines. Hermia is willing to comfort Helena, and to avoid all appearance of triumph over her. She therefore bids her not to consider the power of pleasing, as an advantage to be much envied or much desired, since Hermia,|| whom she considers as possessing it in the supreme degree, has found no other effect of it than the loss of happiness. JOHNSON. 16:) "Like a paradise." MALONE. = 17:) when Phabe doth behold, &c. || ——deep midnight.] Shakspeare has a little forgotten himself. It appears from p. 126, that to-morrow night would be within three nights of the new noon, when there is no moon-shine at all, much less at deep midnight. The same oversight occurs in Act III. sc. i. BLACKSTONE. 18:) — in game — ] Game here signifies sport, jest. 19:) Hermia's cyne,} This plural is common both in Chaucer and Spenser.=20:)-it is dear expence:] i. e. it will cost him much, (be a severe constraint on his feelings,) to make even so slight a return for my communication. STEEVENS.=21:) In this scene Shakspeare takes advantage || of his knowledge of the theatre, to ridicule the prejudices and competitions of the players. Bottom, who is generally acknowledged the principal actor, declares his inclination to be for a tyrant, for a part of fury, tumult, and noise, such as every young man pants to perform when he first steps upon the stage. The same Bottom, who seems bred in a tiring room, has another histrionical passion. He is for engrossing every part, and would exclude his inferiors from all possibility of distinction. He is therefore desirous to play Pyramus, Thisbe, and the Lion, at the same time. JouySON-22:) the scrip.] A scrip, Fr. escrip, now written ecrit 23:)-spread yourselves.] i. e. stand separately, not in a group. 24:) "And shivering shocks." MALONE. = 253) slow of study.] Study, Mr. Steevens says, is still the cant term used in a theatre for getting any nonsense by rete; but Mr. Malone says it is not more a cant term than any other word of art, nor is it applied necessarily to nonsense. Malone asserts, that Steevens made the above remark to vex Garrick, with whom he had quarrelled. = 26: -- an 'twere- An means as if. = 27:)-properties,] Properties are whatever little articles are wanted in a play for the actors, according to their respective parts, dresses and scenes excepted. The person who delivers them out is to this day called the property man. = 28:) At the duke's oak we meet. Hold, or cut bow-strings.} To meet, whether bowstrings hold or are cut, is to meet in all events. To cut the bow-string, when bows were in use, was probably a commen practice of those who bore enmity to the archer. = ACT II. 1:) To dew her orbs upon the green:] These orbs are circles supposed to be made by the fairies on the ground, whose verdure proceeds from the fairies' care to water them.2:) The cowslips tall her pensioners be —] This was said in consequence of Queen Elizabeth's fashionable establishment of a band of military courtiers, by the same of pensioners. They were some of the handsomest and tallest young men, of the best families and fortune, that could be found. 3:)—lob of spirits,] Lob, lubber, looby, lobcock, all denote both inactivity of body and dulness of mind, and were used as terms of contempt. = 4:) — sheen,j_Shining, bright, gay. JOHNSON. =5:) But they do square;] To square here is to quarrel. 6:) in the quern,] Quern is a hardmill: kuerna, mola.=7:) — no barm?] Barme is a name for yeast, in some parts of England, and universally in Ireland and Scotland. = 8:) -sweet Puck,] The epithet is by no means superfluous; as Puck alone was far from being an endearing appellation. It signified nothing better than fiend, or devil. It seems that in the fairy mythology, Puck, or Hobgoblin, was the trusty servant of Oberon, and always employed to watch or detect the intrigues of Queen Mab, called by Shakspeare, Titania. :) — a roasted crab;] i. e. a wild apple of that name. = 10:) And tailor cries,] The custom of crying tailor at a sudden fall backwards, I think I remember te have observed. He that slips besides his chair, falls as a tailor squats upon his board. JOHNSON. = 11:) — held their hips, and loffe;] i, e. laugh. =12:) And waxen-] And encrease, as the moon wares. 13:) - the glimmering night-] the night faintly illuminated by stars. 14:) And never, since the middle summer's spring, &c.] The middle summer's spring, is, I apprehend, the season when trees put forth their second, or, as they are frequently called, their midsummer shoots. HENLEY.- 15:) pelting-] This word is always used as a word of contempt.16:) overborne their continents: Borne down the banks that contain them. =17: murrain flock;] The murrain is the plague in cattle 18:) The nine men's morris is fill'd up with mud;) Nine men's morris is a game still played by the shepherds, cowkeepers, &c. in the midland counties, as follows:- A figure is made on the ground by cutting out the turf; and two persons take each nine stones, which they place by turns in the angles, and afterwards move alternately, as at chess or draughts. He who can place three in a straight line, may then take off any one of his adversary's where he pleases, till one, having lost all his men, loses the game. = 19; the quaint mazes in the wanton green,] This alludes to a sport still followed by boys: i. e. what is now called running the figure of eight. STEEVENS, 20:) The human mor tals-] Shakspeare might have employed this epithet, which, at first sight, appears redundant, to mark the difference be tween men and fairies. Fairies were not human, but they were yet subject to mortality. = 21:) That rheumatic dis eases do abound:] Rheumatic diseases signified in Shakspeare's time, not what we now call rheumatism, but distillations from the head, catarrhs, &c. = 22:) this disten | perature,] is either this perturbation of the elements, or the perturbed state in which the king and queen had lived for some time past. = 23:) The childing autumn,] is the preg nant autumn, which unseasonably produces flowers on those of summer. 24:) By their increase,] that is, by their producc.=25:)—henchman.] Page of honour. This office was abolished at court by Queen Elizabeth, but probably remained in the city. Henchmen were a certain number of youths, the sons of gentlemen, who stood or walked near the person of the monarch on all public occasions. = 26:) "Not for thy fairy kingdom." MALONE. = 27:) At a fair restal, throned by the west: A compliment to Queen Elizabeth. = 26;) — fancy-free:] i, e. exempt from the power of love. 29= | and wood within this wood,] Wood, or mad, wild. — 30: ) — "do use" MALONE. 31:) impeach your modesty —} i, e. bringing it into question.=32:) — for that.] i, e. for leaving |