K.-Kine, Francis, 100.

L.-Lake, Nicholas, 200; Lauglin, (Laughlin ?), Alexander, 100; Leode, Godfrey, 100; Lewis, Richard, 100, William, 100; Lipscomb, Captain, 100; Longwell, John, 100, Matthew, 100.

Mc.-McAfee, John, 100; McDougall, Peter, 300; McMichael, John, 200.

M.-Marsh, Mathias, 100; Mae, Thomas, 100; Myers, Capt. John Walter, 200. N.-Nyiliar, Nicholas, 100.

O.-Ostrum, Rudorf, 100.

P.-Paddock, Solomon, 200; Perry, Robert, 400; Purdy, Gilbert, 100.

R.-Rasbur, Peter, 100; Reid, John, 100, William, 100; Robins, Lieut. James, 200.

S.-Smith, Abraham, 100, Jacob, 250 and 200, James, 200. Michael, 200, Richard, 200 and 100, Samuel, 100, Thomas, 100; Spencer, Benjamin, 100, Henry, 100; Swick, Philip, 100.

T.-Thomas, Peter, 200; Thompson, Timothy, 200.
V.-Vanderlop, John, 200; Vanhorn, Garrot, 100.

W.-Walker, David, 200, William, 200; Williams, Samuel, 100; Willsea, Abraham, 100; Winney, Benjamin, 100; Wood, John, 100; Wright, Robert, 100. Y.-Yedman, (Yeoman ?). Eleazer, 100; Yeoman, Arthur, 200, David, 200; Young, Robert, 200.

TOWNSHIPS mentioned in Schedule 4. (The townships, concessions and lots are placed opposite the name of each grantee in the schedule.)

Camden, Ernest-town, Fredericksburg, Pittsburg, and first township below it, Richmond, Sophiasburg, Sydney, Thurlow.

PETITIONERS AT MONTREAL (reported in January, 1790) for lands on the Ottawa, page 388.

B.-Bloomes, Nicholas; Bradley, John; Bright, Lavis.

C.-Carpenter, Peter; Cumming, John.

D.-Dogstrader (Dockstrader?), Adam.

K.-Kayser, Melcher; Killimere, George.

M.-Martin, John.

S.-Schaum, John.

T.-Tiring, John.

W.-Wallace, William.

ENUMERATION of settlers at Hamilton, Bay of Chaleurs, who have no titles to the lands they have occupied since 1762, with the number of arpents. The number of arpents follows each name.

(Canadian Archives, Q. 45-2, page 399.)

TO THE SOUTH-EAST OF THE RIVER.

B.-Babin, Ambroise, 75, Thomas, 18; Bourdage, Esther Leblanc, widow, 300; Bujol, Charles, l'ainé, 75, Charles, fils, 80.

P.-Poirier, Charles, 72, Pierre, 62, Pierre dit Parrot, 100.

R.-Richard, François, 62, Jean Baptiste, 623.

TO THE NORTH-WEST OF THE RIVER.

A.--Arceneau, Gregoire, 60, Jean, l'ainé, 60, Joseph, Capitaine de milice, 60. B.-Bernard, Isaac, 60, Jean, 60; Bourg, Joseph, 60.

G.-Gauthier, Joseph, 60.

L.-Lavache, Jean Baptiste, 60.

NOTE B.

LOWER CANADA IN 1800.

LIEUT, GOVERNOR MILNES TO THE DUKE OF PORTLAND.

(Canadian Archives, Series Q., Vol. 85, p. 228.)

QUEBEC 1st November 1800.

MY LORD,-On my first taking upon myself the administration of the affairs of this Province, I was extremely struck with the wavering state in which I found the Interests of Government. I have since been at much pains to discover the real cause this situation of things, which I plainly saw lay deeper than, I believe, is generrally supposed by His Majesty's Ministers, and I am so forcibly impressed with a persuasion that this subject ought to be attended to, that I feel it my duty to lay before Your Grace such remarks as have occurred to me respecting it, in order that Your Grace may be fully apprized of the real state of the Country, and take such measures as you may think fit to strengthen the Executive Power in Lower Canada.

However excellent in itself the new Constitution may be which His Majesty has raciously been pleased to Grant to the Province, I conceive the Foundation of it must rest upon a due proportion being maintained between the Aristocracy and the Lower Orders of the People, without which it will become a dangerous weapon in the hands of the latter. Several causes at present unite in daily lessening the Power and Influence of the Aristocratical Body in Lower Canada. I cannot however but think that measures might be adopted to counterbalance in some degree this tendency, and I shall hereafter have the Honour to point them out to Your Grace; but in order to make myself clearly understood, I must first explain what I consider to be the principal causes by which the Influence of the Aristocracy in this country has gradually been reduced to its present state. The first and most important of these, I am of "pinion, arises from the manner in which the Province was originally settled; that from the independent Tenure by which the cultivators (who form the great Body of the People and are distinguished by the appellation of Habitans) hold their Lands; and, on the other hand, from the inconsiderable power retained by those called the Seigneurs, and the little disposition they feel t› increase their Influence or improve Their Fortunes by Trade. Hence by degrees, the Canadian Gentry have nearly become extinct, and few of them on their own Territory have the means of living in a more affluent and imposing style than the simple Habitants, who feel themselves in every respect as independent as the seigneur himself, with whom they have no further connexion than merely the obligation of having their corn ground at his Mills, paying the Toll of a fourteenth bushel, which they consider more as a burdensome Tax than as a Return to him for the Land conceded by his family to their Ancestors forever, upon no harder conditions than the obligation above mentioned, 4 trifling Rent, and that of paying a Twelfth to the Seigneur upon any transfer of the Lands.

The second cause which I apprchend tends to lessen the Influence of GovernLent in this Province is the prevalence of the Roman Catholic Religion, and the independence of the Priesthood; this Independence I find goes considerably further than what was intended by the Royal Instructions wherein it is particularly declared to be His Majesty's pleasure, that no person whatsoever is to have Holy Orders "conferred upon him or to have the Care of Souls, without a license first had and "obtained from the Governor," &c., &c., but this Instruction has hitherto never been

enforced, by which means the whole Patronage of the Church has been thrown into the hands of the Roman Catholic Bishops, and all connexion between the Government and the People through that channel is cut off, as the Priests do not consider themselves at all amenable to any other power than the Catholic Bishop.

A singular Instance lately occurred of this Independence: A Priest at Terrebonne, near Montreal, interfered in the most indecent manner in the late election for the County of Effingham. He exerted all his Influence to prevent the Solicitor General from being chosen, and violently supported a man who had been expelled from the House of Assembly on account of his having been convicted of Conspiracy, and who was consequently considered as a dishonoured Person. Upon this man being chosen, the Priest actually went so far as to perform High Mass in the Parish Church, to return thanks, as he termed it, "for the re-election of this Martyr." In Justice to the Canadian Bishop I must add, that upon my representation he did everything that was proper to be done on the occasion.

Another circumstance which has greatly tended to lessen the Influence of Government since the Conquest, has arisen from the necessity which then existed of disembodying the Militia, but as I am by no means of opinion, considering the circumstances which took place a few years since that it would be either practicable or prudent to call on the Militia at this particular moment, I shall not enter further into this subject at present, though I shall hereafter revert to the Militia, even in its present state, as a means by which a certain degree of Influence might still perhaps be established in the several parishes.

It may be unnecessary to observe to Your Grace how much more Important the above facts are become since the establishment of the new Constitution. In the time of French Government, an Ordinance issued in the name of the King was sufficient to enforce the Execution of any measure that was deemed expedient, without any discussion taking place upon the subject, or its entering into the mind of the unlettered Habitant, to doubt for a moment the propriety of the measure. But since the establishment of the present Constitution in the year 1792 the case is very different, everything being previously discussed in the House of Assembly, and unless a certain preponderance can be maintained in that House, which at present is by no means as firmly established as I could wish, the Power of the Executive Government will insensibly become nothing. Very few of the Seigneurs, as I have already hinted, have sufficient Interest to ensure their own Election or the Election of anyone to whom they give their support in the House of Assembly; and the uneducated Habitant has even a better chance of being nominated (though he cannot perhaps sign his name) than the first officer under the Crown. There was a moment when I even despaired of getting the Attorney General into the present Assembly, and though it is undoubtedly better composed than the last, it is far from being so respectable a Body as Government might wish.

The Canadian Habitants are, I verily believe, an Industrious, peaceable and well disposed People, but they are, from their want of education and extreme simplicity, liable to be misled by designing and artful men; and were they once made sensible of their own Independence, the worst cousequences might ensue. They are, in fact, the sole proprietors of nearly all the cultivated Lands in Lower Canada. The Seigneurs and Ecclesiastical Bodies to whom the Lands were originally granted, having conceded the greater part of the Lands for ever, with little or no reserve, to the Cultivator, in small Parcels of from one to two hundred acres, retaining only, as I have already observed, the Property and Profits of the Mills, a certain proportion of the Produce, which is sometimes paid in kind and in various ways, and the Sods and Ventes; and this species of property attached to the Seigniorial Rights, is by the Ancient French 'Laws of Inheritance (which occasion frequent subdivisions of Property) in a few Generations become quite inconsiderable, whereby the situation of the Seigneur has in many Instances been reduced below that of the Vassal. Each Habitant cultivates as much Land as he can manage, with the assistance of his own Family, and as is necessary for its support; and having thus within themselves from year to year all the necessaries

of life, there cannot be a more independent Race of people, nor do I believe there is in any part of the world a country in which equality of situation is so nearly established. Except in the Towns of Quebec, Montreal and Three Rivers, little or no difference is observable in the affluence of the Canadians, but what may in some measure arise from the local circumstances of more or less favourable situation, a richer soil, or a greater or less degree of exertion.

The counties are divided into Parishes, each Parish chiefly extending about three eagues along the River St. Lawrence and Chambly, and to each of which there is a Parochial Church; the principal person in every Parish is in general the Priest, another next the Captain of Militia, and it is through the latter that any business is Transacted by Government.

Having endeavoured to give Your Grace some insight into the actual state of this country, which I could more fully enlarge upon if I was not apprehensive of intruding too much upon your time until I have received your permission so to do, I shall proceed to point out the means by which I imagine the Influence of Government might be immediately extended to the distant parts of the Province, and though I am conscious this cannot be effected without a certain expense to the Mother Country, I consider that expense as inconsiderable when compared to the sums it would require to quell any disturbance that might for want of timely precaution take place in the Province. The apprehensions of such an event though not immediate, is strongly impressed on the minds of some of the best Friends of Government.

I am well aware the chief object to be depended upon to increase the Influence of the Crown, will be by means of the Waste Lands; and in that point of View the delay that has taken place in the Land Business is greatly to be regretted, and it becomes an object of peculiar Importance to Government that no further delay may cear to prevent the clearing and settling of the immense Tracts that are now in the ands of the Crown undisposed of, as their being granted in free and common soccage will in time (if judiciously granted) form in this Province a body of people of the protestant Religion that will naturally feel themselves more immediately connected with the English Government, but as this cannot be expected to have any immediate effect, I am inclined to think that in the meantime much may be done first through the Catholic Priests, and secondly by means of the Militia.

The Present Catholic Bishop is extremely well disposed to Government, he is allowed by His Majesty £200 per annum, as Superintendent of the Catholic Church, in addition to which he receives from Goverument a Rent of £150 a year for the use of the Bishop's Palace at Quebec, which is occupied by Public Officers; he has lately applied to us for an enclosure of this Rent, signifying at the same time that his income is very inadequate to the situation and the calls which are made upon it, which I have reason to believe is a just statement.

This application offers an occasion of attaching the Canadian Bishop more particularly to Government, if by such an encrease of his appointments as His Majesty shall graciously be pleased to allow his situation was made more easy, at the same time requiring of him a strict attention to that part of His Majesty's Instructions to the governor which I have before mentioned. This I am of opinion would tend very much to encrease that consideration which the Priests themselves ought to feel, and to encourage in their Parishioners, for the Executive Government, at the same time that it would ensure the co-operation of the Canadian Bishop. But in order to carry his point, particular care must be taken to secure a proper moment, and if the Bishop should be decidely averse to make the sacrifice required of him, it ought perhaps be deferred to the Peace.

The Priests have a 26th of all the Grain, which may be valued at £25 or £26,000 a year, which alone must make their influence very considerable, and especially as the Religious Bodies are in possession of nearly One Fourth of all the Seigniorial Rights granted before the Conquest (excepting those of the Jesuit Estates lately taken into the possession of the Crown, as will appear by the Inclosure): there are 123 Parishes and 120 Parish Priests.

With regard to the Militia, it will be more difficult to give Your Grace a clear and distinct idea of the mode in which I am inclined to think use may be made of this Body to support the Interests of Government through the Province and to disseminate Principles of Loyalty amongst the Canadians in opposition to that spirit of Democracy which has lately gained so much ground in many parts of the world, but fortunately has not at present made any material progress in Canada.

The Population of Lower Canada is computed at about One Hundred and Sixty Thousand Souls, nine tenths of whom reside in the Parishes before described, distinct from the Towns, and from these are drawn the Canadian Militia, which amount to 37,904 between the ages of 16 and 60. In the Parishes here alluded to, there are 292 Captains of Militia, who are chosen from amongst the most respectable of the Canadian Habitants (the Etat Major amounting to 16 being in general chosen from among the Seigneurs); and here it is necessary to inform Your Grace how far under the dominion of France the Body of the People were regulated in all Public Matters by the Officers of Militia; the Captains of Militia being the persons employed to issue and enforce the Public ordinances, and the Curés, and through the authority thus delegated to them by Government, possessed considerable influence in their respective Parishes.

Although under His Majesty's Government these powers have in a great measure been withdrawn, especially since the establishment of the new Constitution, there still remains in the minds of the Canadians, a certain consequence attached to the character of Captain of Militia, and as I have before observed to Your Grace it is still customary on all public occasions to employ this useful Class of People to perform many services for Government, which they had hitherto done without other Reward than merely that arising in their own minds from the honour and respectability of the appointment; but this tho' sufficient to render it desirable is, as they feel, by no means an equal return for the considerable Portion of their time so employed. If then by means of an honorary and pecuniary reward, or by any plan that may be so approved of by the Executive Council, this class of the Canadians would be brought to consider themselves as the immediate Officers of the Crown, and peculiarly attached to the Interest of Government, there is no doubt that such an influence, from the circumstance of being equally diffused over the whole Province would effectually tend to keep alive among the great Body of the people, that spirit of Zeal and Loyalty for Monarchical Government which I believe to be natural to the Canadians, but which for want of an immediate class to whom they can look up, and from their having no immediate connexion with the Executive Power, is in danger of becoming extinct.

That Loyalty is a lively principle in the hearts of the Canadians I have no doubt, it I may judge from the expressions of satisfaction which are shewn by all Ranks, whenever the Representative of His Majesty only passes through the Country; this I myself experienced (though at that time generally unknown) in the Tour I lately made through the Province.

There are several other means besides those I have already stated by which I am convinced a proper bias may be maintained in the minds of the Canadians, so as I should hope would secure the Province against any internal Commotion or Disaffection, the details of which I shall reserve until I shall receive Your Grace's sanction to trouble you further on this head, particularly as in order to give Your Grace a complete idea of this subject and the extent of my plan, it will be necessary to solicit your attention while I lay before you a sketch of the relative Expences of the Civil Department of Lower Canada, and the Military expenditures of the Canadas, by which it will appear how little proportion exists in the expences of those Departments, and what a considerable saving may hereafter accrue to Government, if according to the Plan proposed, and by a more liberal allotment to the Civil Expenditure, such an Influence could be attained over the minds of the Canadians as might in the course of time not only secure the Province from any Interior Commotion or disaffection but likewise ensure the co-operation of the Inhabitants in the defence of the Province