or lastly on so many times the guz of 24 tussoos, or 42 digits, 54, or 60 or more. In all these the great principle or fundamental element is one and the same, the cubit, equal on an average to about 19 inches English. Or strictly half the second's pendulum.

Thirdly, We have shown, tnat all the dry measures throughout Peninsular India, are founded on the cube of the cubit: that this principle is recognized by the Hindoos now, as it was also anciently. That the tables only differ, some multiples or submultiples in every provincial scheme serving in some one way or other, to connect it with the rest, and prove the exact uniformity of its principles. That the practice of measuring grain by dry measures, was probably first brought about by the Moghul and Tatar conquerors, forasmuch as the Hindoo Poorans and other the most ancient works of Hindoo literature, maintain that dry measures were every where used by the natives of the country, and no specific notice is taken of a different practice: -moreover because the tide of the early conquests of the Moghuls and Tatars, was arrested by the wild aboriginal tribes of the Vindhya range-the Gonds, Pendarees, Bheels, and Coolees; so that they did not establish their power in the Southern peninsula till the begin ning of the 14th century.

Fourthly, That the systems of weights, although said to be derived from the weight of certain grains, referred to some very different principle, and that they all consist with a scheme yet to be explained.

In & the third chapter the same relationship and identity of principle, is traced from the Metrical system of the Hindoos, to those of all other nations up

to the great fountain head, the Jewish or Patriarchal scheme, which may be described in a few words. The Jewish or Patriarchal standard was the mean length of the second's pendulum at the level of the ocean in Latitude 45 at the temperature of the maximum density of water, 39 degrees of Fahrenheits scale.

This pendulum was the Sacred or Temple standard of linear measure, being precisely now, as it was then, the representation of two ordinary cubits or 2 × 19.54893 Inches English, at the temperature above noted.

The division of this pendulum, either into 28, or 48, or 12 parts, furnished the various descriptions of linear measure adopted by artificers, merchants and land measurers: the half, or cubit therefore contained 14, 24, and 6 of each submultiple respectively; and these, in India, and indeed throughout all Asia, are known by the name of tussoos, ungools, or digits, and Mooshtees, or hands.

The cube of this linear measure, divided also by the same numbers, constituted the unit of dry measure, and this multiplied into the weight of water at its maximum of density, constituted the unit of weight, which was divided in like manner as the foregoing. That is summarily, the Jewish, Patriarchal, Primitive standard, was 39.09785 inches English: its cube 59766.6107 cubic Iuches was the unit of dry measure; and this last multiplied into 252.984 grains troy, the weight of water at its maximum of density, 39 degrees of Fahrenheit, was the unit of weight=15120000 grains Troy. These three units furnish an exact explanation of all the

systems that have hitherto existed in the world; and it is easy from the foregoing particulars to trace any one system, or any one individual part of those sys.. tems, to this fundamental basis.

Here then is a scientific, an unes ceptionable and simple standard, to which the Indian Metrical, Ponderary, and Monetary system may be at once referred, without disturbing existing usages, interfering, with deep rooted prejudices, or entering upon the question at hap hazard. The very customs which the Hindoos admire, and are attached to from whatever motives, the very Weights, Measures, and Coins, which we could wish them to adopt, that is, well defined, intelligible, and scientifically devised, are here ready to our hand, and they are shown to have referred to an original prototype which is excellent and unexceptionable. In simply proposing to the natives of India to restore all their Metrical, Ponderary, and Monetary system to its original simplicity and accuracy, our point is gained; and we shall have a certain definite standard to which we may refer every local variety, until the feeling of necessity, ex tended intercourse, or the wisdom of the ruling authorities shall have led all parties to appreciate the benefits of uniformity.

FINIS.

APPENDIX.

The primitive linear standard divided into 28 parts, as it is connected with, and serves to explain the scientific principles to which the received and most ancient linear measures of India are to be referred. It was known to the Jews by the term Amma ha Reeshona, and was the true mean length of the pendulum vibrating seconds in latitude 45 degrees at the level of the occan, and maximum density of water, 39 degrees Fahrenheit.

Unit 28 parts or tusɛoos 39.09785 Inches English. (Spanish wara, Persian arish.

Arabian and Saracen ba,a.

34.9088

33.5125 Guz measures of Asia; varas of Spain, Portugal, the ancient Portuguese and Spanish dependancies of Majorca, the Canary islands, Gibraltar, and the colonies of those crowns.

26.5307

25.1343

23.7880

20.9453

The guz of Western India, of the ancient Saxons, still in use in Wales, the Russian arsheen; the ells of Germany, Holland, and the low countries. The ancient guz, or unit of land measure throughout India.

19.54893 The cubit universally.

18.1525

25

24

23

32.1161

22

80.7198

21

29.3234

19

18

17

16

22.3416

15

14

19

12

16.7562