displays considerable power in satire; his love (or loves) have little of Surrey's sweet ideality. Wyatt, to use a modern phrase, is in every way more "realistic" than his friend; his passion has not the disinterested character of Sidney's chivalrous temperament. His satirical epistles, on the other hand, have more irony, knowledge of mankind, and point: the language is remarkably clear and direct, and the verse in general free from archaic rudeness. His "best poem in this style," says Hallam, " is a very close imitation of the tenth Satire of Alamanni": published in 1532.

But it is in the Odes that Wyatt, perhaps less hampered by foreign models, reaches his highest quality as a poet; and in these his skilful use of the refrain is especially noteworthy. What has been said of Surrey's style, in point of simplicity and clearness, applies to Wyatt's; the main difference being that he is less influenced by Renaissance elegance; he pushes absence of ornament to baldness; the one writes as an able man of the world, the other as the forerunner of Sidney. Hence the English didactic element, the seriousness of the race, becomes too prominent in Wyatt his Odes have an elegiac rather than a lyrical movement. These characteristics were easier to seize than Surrey's; and we accordingly find Wyatt's style largely reproduced in the other numerous poems contained in Tottel (1557), and in that other early authority, the Paradise of Dainty Devises; which, though published in 1576, seems to represent in general, not the movement which was headed by Spenser and Watson, but that which began with Wyatt and Surrey.

It is noteworthy that, in case of these two poets,

as afterwards of Sidney, whilst we have some record of their active life, and letters from them regarding their public careers, not one syllable (so far as I have been able to ascertain) relating to their literary aims and studies can be discovered. To this melancholy dearth of that information which we are most anxious to possess I shall return hereafter. Here I notice that as we have evidence from his official letters that Wyatt was in Barcelona (accredited Ambassador to Charles V) twice during the year 1538, there is reasonable ground for supposing that he may have there met with the Barcelonese poet Boscan, who, (according to Bouterwek,) was then residing in honour and court-favour at his birthplace. As Boscan did for the poetry of Spain precisely what Surrey mainly, but Wyatt also in his degree, did for English poetry,-naturalizing Italian Renaissance models, strenuous to follow classical form, writing lyrics and Horatian epistles, the parallelism between the two men is very close, and suggests that they may probably at least have met as friends on the ground of intellectual sympathy. Boscan's poetry was published about the time of his death, in 1543.

Space does not allow me here to examine closely these invaluable Canzonieri,* which, with the later and more distinctly Elizabethan anthologies, would form a body of early poetry no way beneath their Italian predecessors, if our collectors had not, as a rule, excluded two or three of the greatest poets from their pages. But I may note that Grimald, in Tottel's

*Tottel's (1557) has been reprinted by Chalmers and by Mr. Arber; and reprints, more or less accessible, of the Paradise (1576), the Phenix Nest (1593), the Helicon (1600), the Rhapsody (1602), exist.

book, worthily accompanies Surrey in his sweet and musical directness of phrase, his simple and genuine expression of feeling. The "Garden" shows that lively sense of its charm in which Englishmen have rarely been wanting; yet here there is little selection as yet of idea and phrase; and, as one often notes in early description, little sign of close study from Nature. But the pedantry of immature and commonplace classical allusion often intervenes in Grimald and his contemporaries; they are only novices, as yet, in the school of the Renaissance. And much the same may be said, in general, of Edwards, the principal contributor to the Paradise, Lord Oxford, Lord Vaux, and others: graceful and tender pieces are not wanting; but on the whole a tone of melancholy moralization prevails; we feel the heavy and storm-broken atmosphere of England under Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth's first regnal years.* The old alliterative element of our poetry is also often unpleasantly prominent; the aid it lends is anything but artful; the metres almost without exception a re forms of Iambic, often disposed in lines of somewhat oppressive length, a source of heaviness in effect which the skill of Surrey disguises. Rarely have we any lightly-pacing stanza, such as Tottel offers in the Paradise-the rhymes follow our present accentuation, the peculiar form of forced final accent which Spenser revived, with unsatisfactory effect, from Chaucer, being avoided. On the

It

* "Whatever be the subject," says Hallam, "a tone of sadness reigns through this misnamed Paradise of Daintiness, as it does through all the English poetry of this particular age. seems as if the confluence of the poetic melancholy of the Petrarchists with the reflective seriousness of the Reformation overpowered the lighter sentiments of the soul."

whole, Tottel's volume, if it contains more rude work, has better writing, even in the work of its lesser poets, than the Paradise. Distinct advance, I think, cannot be claimed for the later work; and of the study of ancient form and sentiment in poetry no important trace as yet appears. The classical element, so far as I have noticed, in its essential features is, in fact, hardly beyond what we may find in such a work as Gower's Lover's Confession of 1393.

Another very curious point, which I can only indicate, is the almost entire absence of the poetry of common life, whether of the ballad or of the tale, from the whole of this early literature. The lyrical tale, indeed, as distinguished from the ballad by greater condensation and vividness, and corresponding diminution of the narrative element, was all but unknown in England for more than a century and a half later. The ballad, so far as this class of our poetry, English or Scotch, in its existing form at least, can be safely dated, appears during the sixteenth century. But by the middle of it the only example of any merit, and of proved date, so far as I am aware, and this rather a song of common life than a ballad as commonly understood, appears to be the drinking song in Gammer Gurton, published in 1557. This in its boldness of phrase and lively lilt of metre stands out among the serious lyrics of the time, and doubtless is but a specimen of a class which, probably, had not literary merit enough to find preservation. And even this we owe, more or less, to the "new learning"; Still, if he be rightly named the author, having been successively Master of St. John's and of Trinity at Cambridge.

The nearest exceptions, however, to the above remarks will be found in Gifford's Posie, which, though published in 1580, may, in his editor's opinion, represent work of the previous twenty years. Here we have a humorous tale, reminding one in substance of Chaucer and other old fabulists, of much spirit and liveliness; and (in a higher vein of poetry) a spirited address to the Soldiers of the day, which has a direct and practical air very unusual in the writings of the time. In these pieces, and in several charming addresses to lady-loves or friends, Gifford has the modern character which I shall notice in the following poets, whilst in point of tenderness, grace and inventive fancy, he stands much above them. But Gifford, even more than Watson, (afterwards to be characterized,) does not appear to have reached the popularity due to his merits in his own age.

Having, above, briefly noticed those writers who, as the first creators of our renewed poetry, possess an interest altogether special and peculiar, I shall with even more brevity review those who intervene, and who were the representatives of the art during Spenser's youth. Turbervile, whose volume of miscellaneous poems appeared in 1567 and 1570, strikes us at first by his singular modernness his style, metres, language might be the commonplace of our own, or indeed of any age. He maintains a facile literary level through his long and, it must be owned, often tedious pieces, whilst his predecessors rarely attempt more than brief flights; in this respect only giving evidence of literary advance, for Turbervile wants alike the depth and seriousness of the earlier writers, and the charm and imaginative beauty which we associate with the Elizabethan period.

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