Pilkington, Whitehead, Lever, Nowel, Knox, Rough, Wittingham, Fox, Parkhurst, and others, famous in the reign of Queen Elizabeth: besides of noblemen,merchants, tradesmen, artificers, and phebeians, many hundreds. Some fled in disguise, or went over as the servants of foreign protestants, who having come hither for shelter in King Edward's time, were now required to leave the kingdom;* among these were Peter Martyr, and John a Lasco with his congregation of Germans. But to prevent too many of the English embarking with them, an order of council was sent to all the ports, that none should be suffered to leave the kingdom without proper passports. The Roman catholic party, out of their abundant zeal for their religion, out-run the laws, and celebrated mass in divers churches before it was restored by authority ;† while the people that favored the reformation continued their public devotion with great seriousness and fervency, as foreseeing what was coming upon them; but the rude multitude came into the churches, insulted their ministers, and ridiculed their worship. The court not only winked at these things, but fined Judge Hales (who alone refused to sign the act which transferred the crown to Jane Grey) a thousand pound sterling, because in his circuit he ordered the justices of Kent to conform themselves to the laws of King Edward, not yet repealed; upon which that gentleman grew melancholy and drowned himself.

The Queen was crowned Oct. 1, 1553, by Gardiner attended by ten other bishops, all in their mitres, copes and crosiers; and a parliament was summoned to meet the 10th. What methods were used in the elections has been related. On the 31st of Oct. a bill was sent down to the commons for repealing King Edward's laws about religion, which was argued six days, and at length carried. It repeals in general all the late statutes relating to religion, and enacts, "That after the 20th of December next, there should be no "other form of divine service but what had been used in the "last year of King Henry VIII." Severe punishments were decreed against such as should interrupt the public service; as should abuse the holy sacrament, or break down 'Strype's Life of Cran. p. 314. + Burnet's Hist. Ref. vol. iii. p. 223. VOL. I.

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altars, crucifixes, or crosses. It was made felony for any number of persons above twelve, to assemble together with an intention to alter the religion established by law. Nov. 3d, archbishop Cranmer, the Lord Guilford, Lady Jane, and two other sons of the duke of Northumberland, were brought to their trials for high treason, in leyying war against the Queen, and conspiring to set up another in her room. They all confessed their indictments, but Cranmer appealed to his judges, how unwillingly he had set his hand to the exclusion of the Queen: These judgments were confirmed by parliament, after which the Queen's intended marriage with Philip of Spain being discovered, the commous sent their speaker, and twenty of their members, humbly to intreat her majesty not to marry a stranger; with which she was so displeased, that upon the 6th December she dissolved the parliament.

The convocation that sat with the parliament was equally devoted to the court. Care had been taken about their elections. In the collection of public acts there are found about 150 presentations to livings before the choice of representatives; so that the lower house of convocation was of a piece with the upper, from whence almost all the protestant bishops were excluded by imprisonment, deprivation, or otherwise. Bonner presided as the first bishop of the province of Canterbury. Harpsfield his chaplain preached the sermon on Acts xx. 28, Feed the flock; and Weston dean of Westminster was chosen prolocutor. On the 20th October it was proposed to the members to subscribe to the doctrine of transubstantiation; which all complied with but the following six divines, who by their places had a right to sit in convocation; Philpot archdeacon of Winchester; Philips dean of Rochester; Haddon dean of Exeter ; Cheyney archdeacon of Hereford; Aylmer archdeacon of Stow; and Young chaunter of St. David's: These disputed upon the argument for three days, but the disputation was managed according to the fashion of the times, with reproaches and menaces on the stronger side; and the prolocutor ended it with saying, 'You have the Word, but we have the sword,'* * Burnet's Hist. Ref. vel. ii. p. 267.

Bishop Warburton, in his notes on Mr. Neal's History (see a supple

This year[1554] began with Wyat's rebellion, occasioned by a general dislike of the Queen's marriage with Philip of Spain. It was a raw, unadvised attempt, and occasioned greater mischiefs to the protestants, though religion had no share in the conspiracy, Wyat himself being a papist : this gentleman got together 4000 men, with whom he marched directly to London; but coming into Southwark, Feb. 2, he found the bridge so well fortified that he could not force it without cannon; so he marched about, and having crossed the Thames at Kingston, he came by Charing-cross to Ludgate next morning, in hopes the citizens would have opened their gates; but being disappointed, he yielded himself a prisoner at Temple-Bar, and was afterwards executed; as were the Lady Jane Grey, Lord Guilford her husband, and others; the Lady Elizabeth herself hardly escaping. W yat upon his trial accused her, in hopes of saving his life; upon which she was ordered into custody: but when Wyat saw he must die, he acquitted her on the scaffold; and upon the Queen's marriage this summer she obtained her pardon. As soon as the nation was a little settled, her majesty, by virtue of the supremacy, gave instructions to her bishops to visit the clergy. The injunctions were drawn up by Gardiner, and contain an angry recital of all the innovations introduced into the church in the reign of King Edward;

mental volume of his works,8vo. 1788, p.455) with great anger impeaches the truth of this passage. "This is to lye (says his Lordship) under the "cover of truth. Can any body in his senses believe that when the only " contention between the two parties was, who had the word; that the "more powerful would yield it up to their adversaries. Without all "doubt, some protestant member, in the heat of dispute, said, we have "the word; upon which the prolocutor insultingly answers-but we have "the sword; without thinking any one would be so foolish as to join the "two propositions into one, and then give it to the prolocutor." In reply to these unhandsome reflections, it is sufficient to say, that Mr.Neal spoke on the authority of Bishop Burnet, whom he truly quotes: and whom it would have been more consistent with candor and the love of truth for Bishop Warburton to have consulted the authority, before he insinuated his conjectures against the statement of a fact, and without authority pointed his charge of folly and falsehood: of which Mr. Neal, by quoting his author, stands perfectly clear; and which if well founded must fall, not on him but Bishop Burnet-whose remarks on the prolocutor's speech is, that "by it he truly pointed out wherein the strength of both eauses lay." ED.

and a charge to the bishops, "To execute all the ecclesi"astical laws that had been in force in King Henry the "VIIIth's reign; but not to proceed in their courts in the "Queen's name. She enjoins them not to exact the oath of "supremacy any more, but to punish heretics and heresies, "and to remove all married clergymen from their wives; "but for those that would renounce their wives they might 66 put them into some other cures, All the ceremonies, "holidays and fasts, used in King Henry's time were to be "revived. Those clergymen who had been ordained by "the late service-book were to be re-ordained, or have "the defects of their ordination supplied; that is, the anoint"ing, the giving the priestly vestments, with other rights of "the Roman pontifical. And lastly, it was declared, that "all people should be compelled to come to church.”*. The archbishop of York, the bishops of St. David's, Chester, and Bristol, were deprived for being married; and the bishops of Lincoln, Glocester, and Hereford, were deprived by the royal pleasure, as holding their bishoprics by such a patent. It was very arbitrary to turn out the married bishops, while there was a law subsisting to legitimate their marriages; and to deprive the other bishops without any manner of process, merely for the royal pleasure. This was acting up to the height of the supremacy, which though the Queen believed to be an unlawful power, yet she claimed and used it for the service of the Romish church. The vacant bishoprics were filled up the latter end of March, with men after the Queen's heart, to the number of sixteen, in the room of so many deprived or dead.

The new bishops in their visitation, and particularly bishop Bonner, executed the Queen's injunctions with rigor. The mass was set up in all places, and the old popish rites and ceremonies revived. The carvers and makers of statues had a quick trade for roods, and other images, that were to be set up again in churches. The most eminent preachers in London were under confinement; and all the married clergy throughout the kingdom were deprived. Dr. Parker reckons, that of sixteen thousand clergymen twelve

* Burnet's History of the Reformation, vol. ii. p. 291 & 274. Col

lection of Records, num. 15.

thousand were turned out; which is not probable, for if we compute by the diocese of Norwich, which is almost an eighth part of England, and in which there were but 335 deprived, the whole number will fall short of 3000.* Some were turned out without conviction, upon common fame : Some were never cited, and yet turned out for not appearing. Those that quitted their wives, and did penance, were nevertheless deprived; which was grounded on the vow that (as was pretended) they had made. Such was the deplorable condition of the reformed this summer, and such the cruelty of their adversaries.

The Queen's second parliament met April 2d. The court had taken care of the elections by large promises of money from Spain. Their design was to persuade the parliament to approve of the Spanish match; which they accomplished, with this proviso, That the Queen alone should have the Government of the kingdom; after which the houses were presently dissolved. King Philip, arrived in England,† July 20th, and was married to the Queen on the 27th, at Winchester, he being then in the 27th year of his age, and the Queen in her 38th. He brought with him a vast mass of wealth; 27 chests of bullion, every chest being above a yard long; and ninety-nine horse-loads, and two cart-loads of coined silver and gold.

The reformers complaining of their usage in the late dispute held in convocation, the court resolved to give them a

* Burnet's Hist. Ref. vol. iii. p. 226.

"This," observes Dr. Warner, "is the first instance to be met with in the English history of corrupting parliaments: but the precedent has been so well followed ever since, that if ever this nation should lose its liberties and be enslaved and ruined, it will be by means of parliament corrupted with bribes and places." Ecclesiastical Hist. v. ii. p. 341. †The view of Philip, in this match, was undoubtedly to make himself master of the kingdom. When afterwards Mary was supposed to be pregnant, he applied to parliament to be appointed regent during the minority of the child, and offered security to resign the government on its coming of age. The motion was warmly debated in the House of Peers, and nearly carried; when the Lord Paget stood up and said; "Pray who shall sue the King's bond ?" This laconic speech had its intended effect, and the debate was soon concluded in the negative. Granger's Biogr. History of England, vol. i. p. 161, note, 8vo. edition.