Ecology

abundance activity adaptations adaptive radiation adults allele frequency animals aquatic behavior biological biomass birds brood carbon cells cent chromosomes coexist colonies competition cowbird cycle decreases diploid distribution diversity dominant ecological ecosystem effect efficiency eggs energy environment environmental equation equilibrium evolution evolutionary evolved example extinction factors fecundity feeding female Figure fish fitness fluctuations forest function gametes gene genetic genotype groups habitats haploid herbivores heterozygote increase influence insects interactions interspecific competition islands larvae male mammals mating meiosis metabolic mites molecules mortality moths mutation natural selection nest number of individuals number of species nutrients occur organisms oropendula oxygen parasites patterns period photosynthesis plants polymorphism population density predators prey populations production rainfall range reduced regions relationship relatively reproductive response season soil speciation stability structure survival survivorship survivorship curve Table temperate temperature terrestrial territory tion traits trees trophic level tropical variation varies