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was, "Your heart shall rejoice, and your joy no man taketh from you:" John xvi. 22. Was this promise fulfilled to them? Read Acts xiii. 52: They were filled with joy and the Holy Ghost." "The kingdom of God," saith Saint Paul, "is joy in the Holy Ghost:" Rom. xiv. 17. So that

virtues, it is also a quieting and consoling reflection for a different, and, in some degree, an opposite description of character, that is to say, for tender and timorous consciences. Such are sometimes troubled with doubts and scruples about even their good actions. Virtue was too easy for them, or too difficult; too easy and plea-St. Paul, you hear, takes his very description and sant to have any merit in it: or difficult by rea- definition of Christianity from the joy which is son of fleshy, selfish, or depraved propensities, diffused over the heart; and St. Paul, I am very still existing unsubdued, still struggling in their confident, described nothing but what he felt. unregenerated hearts. These are natural, and, as | Yet St. Paul did not meditate upon his virtues: I have sometimes known them, very distressing nay, expressly renounced that sort of meditation. scruples. I think that observations might be of His meditations, on the contrary, were fixed upon fered to remove the ground of them altogether: his own unworthiness, and upon the exceeding, but what I have at present to suggest is, that the stupendous mercy of God towards him, through very act of reflection, which leads to them, is un-Jesus Christ his Saviour. At least, we have his necessary, provided you will proceed by our rule, viz. to leave your virtues, such as they are, to themselves; and to bend the whole force of your thought towards your sins, towards the conquest of these.

own authority for saying, that, in his Christian progress, he never looked back; he forgot that which was behind, whatever it might be, which he had already attained; he refused to remember it, he put it out of his thoughts. Yet, upon this

But it will be said, are we not to taste the com-topic of religious joy, hear him again: "We joy forts of religion? Are we not to be permitted, or rather ought we not to be encouraged, to relish, to indulge, to enjoy these comforts? And can this be done without meditating upon our good

actions.

Let no one, after these quotations, say, that it is necessary to fix our attention upon the virtues of our character in order to taste the comforts of re

in God through our Lord Jesus Christ:" Rom. v. 11; and once more, "the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace:" Gal. v. 22. These last are three memorable words, and they describe, not the effects of ruminating upon a man's own virI answer, that this can be done without medi-tues, but the fruit of the Spirit. tating upon our good actions. We need not seek But it is not in one apostle in whom we find the comforts of religion in this way. Much we this temper of mind, it is in them all. Speaking need not seek them at all; they will visit us of of the Lord Jesus Christ, St. Peter thus addresses their own accord, if we be serious and hearty in his converts: "Whom having not seen, ye love; our religion. A well-spent life will impart its sup-in whom, though now ye see him not, yet believ port to the spirits, without any endeavour, on our ing ye rejoice with joy unspeakable and full of part, to call up our merits to our view, or even al- glory:" 1 Peter i. 8. This joy covered even lowing the idea of merit to take possession of our their persecutions and sufferings: "Wherein ye minds. There will, in this respect, always be as greatly rejoice, though now, for a season if need much difference as there ought to be, between the be, ye are in heaviness through manifold temptarighteous man and the sinner, (or, to speak more tions," 1 Peter i. 6, meaning persecutions. In properly, between sinners of different degrees,) like manner St. James saith, "Count it all joy without taking pains to draw forth in our recol- when ye fall into divers temptations, that is, perselection instances of our virtue, or to institute a cutions;" and why? "knowing this, that the trycomparison between ourselves and others, or cer-ing of your faith worketh patience:" James i. 2, 3. tain others of our acquaintance. These are habits, which I hold to be unchristian and wrong; and that the true way of finding and feeling the consolations of religion, is by progressively conquer-ligion. No persons enjoyed these comforts in so ing our sins. Think of these; contend with these, and, if you contend with sincerity, and with effect, which is the proof indeed of sincerity, I will answer for the comforts of religion being your portion. What is it that disturbs our religious tranquillity? What is it that embitters or impairs our religious comfort, damps and checks our religious hopes, hinders us from relishing and entertaining these ideas, from turning to them, as a supply of consolation under all circumstances? What is it but our sins? Depend upon it, that it is sin, and nothing else, which spoils our But again: The custom of viewing our virtue, religious comfort. Cleanse your heart from sin, has a strong tendency to fill us with fallacious and religion will enter in, with all her train of notions of our own state and condition. One hopes and consolations. For proof of this, we almost constant deception is this, viz. that in may, as before, refer to the examples of Scripture whatever quality we have pretensions, or believe Christians. They rejoiced in the Lord continual- that we have pretensions to excel, that quality we ly. "The joy of faith," Phil. i. 25. "Joy in the place at the head of all other virtues. If we be Holy Ghost," Rom. xiv. 17, was the word in charitable, then "charity covereth a multitude of their mouths, the sentiment of their hearts. They sins." If we be strictly honest, then strict honesty spake of their religion as of a strong consolation, is no less than the bond which keeps society toas of the "refuge to which they had fled, as of gether; and consequently, is that without which the hope of which they had laid hold, of an another virtues would have no worth, or rather no chor of the soul sure and steadfast:" Heb. vi. 18, existence. If we be temperate and chaste, then 19. Their promise from the Lord Jesus Christ | self-government being the hardest of all duties, is

great perfection as the Christians whom we read of in Scripture, yet no persons thought so little of their own virtues. What they continually thought upon was the abounding love of Christ towards them, "in that, whilst they were yet sinners, he died for them," and the tender and exceeding mercies of God in the pardon of their sins, through Christ. From this they drew their consolation; but the ground and origin of this train of thought was, not the contemplation of virtue, but the conviction of sin.

the surest test of obedience. Now every one of |
these propositions is true; but the misfortune is,
that only one of them is thought of at the time,
and that the one which favours our own particu-
lar case and character. The comparison of dif-
ferent virtues, as to their price and value, may
give occasion to many nice questions; and some
rules might be laid down upon the subject; but
I contend that the practice itself is useless, and
not only useless but delusive. Let us leave, as I
have already said, our virtues to themselves, not
engaging our minds in appreciating either their in-
trinsic or comparative value; being assured that
they will be weighed in unerring scales. Our bu-
siness is with our sins.

to the words, sins and crimes; meaning thereby acts of gross and external wickedness. But think further; enlarge your views. Is your obedience to the law of God what it ought to be, or what it might be? The first commandment of that law is, "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, with all thy mind, and with all thy strength.' Is there, upon the subject of this commandment, no matter for thought, no room for amendment? The second commandment is, "Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself" Is all with us as it should be here? Again, there is a spirituality in the commands of Christ's religion, which will cause the man who obeys them truly, not only to govern his actions, but his words. Again: The habit of contemplating our spirit- not only his words, but his inclinations and his ual acquirements, our religious or moral excellen- dispositions, his internal habits, as well as his excies, has, very usually, and, I think, almost una- ternal life. "Ye have heard that it hath been voidably, an unfavourable effect upon our dispo- said of old time, Thou shalt not commit adultery: sition towards other men. A man who is con- But I say unto you, He that looketh on a woman tinually computing his riches, almost in spite of to lust after her," that is, he who voluntarily inhimself, grows proud of his wealth. A man who dulges and entertains in his mind an unlawful accustoms himself to read and inquire, and think desire, "hath committed adultery with her already a great deal about his family, becomes vain of his in his heart," is by the very entertainment of such extraction: he can hardly help becoming so. A ideas, instead of striving honestly and resolutely to man who has his titles sounding in his ears, or banish them from his mind, or to take his mind his state much before his eyes, is lifted up by his off from them, a sinner in the sight of God. rank. These are effects which every one observes; Much the same kind of exposition belongs to and no inconsiderable degree of the same effect the other commandments; not only is murder forsprings from the habit of meditating upon our bidden, but all unreasonable intemperate anger virtues. Now humble-mindedness is a Christian and passion; not only stealing, but all hard and duty, if there be one. It is more than a duty; it unfair conduct, either in transacting business with is a principle. It is a principle of the religion; those who are upon a level with us, or, where it and its influence is exceedingly great, not only is more to be feared, towards those who are in our upon our religious, but our social character. They power. And do not these points open to us a who are truly humble-minded, have no quarrels, field of inquiry, how far we are concerned in them? give no offence, contend with no one in wrath and There may not be what, strictly speaking, can be bitterness; still more impossible is it for them to in- called an act or deed, which is scandalously bad; sult any man under any circumstances. But the yet the current of our imaginations, the bent of way to be humble-minded is the way I am pointing our tempers, the stream of our affections, may out, viz. to think less of our virtues, and more of our all, or any of them, be wrong, and may be requirsins. In reading the parable of the Pharisee and ing, even at the peril of our salvation, stronger the publican, if we could suppose them to be real control, a better direction. characters, I should say of them, that the one had just come from ruminating upon his virtues, the other from meditating upon his sins. And mark the difference; first, in their behaviour; next, in their acceptance with God. The pharisce all loftiness, and contemptuousness, and recital, and comparison, full of ideas of merit, views the poor publican, although withdrawn to a distance from him, with eyes of scorn. The publican, on the contrary, enters not into competition with the pharisee, or with any one. So far from looking round, he durst not so much as lift up his eyes; but casts himself, hardly indeed presumes to cast himself, not upon the justice, but wholly and solely upon the mercies of his Maker: "God be merciful to me a sinner." We know the judgment which our Lord himself pronounced upon the case: "I tell you, this man went down to his house justified rather than the other:" Luke xviii. 14. The more, therefore, we are like the publican, and the less we are like the pharisee, the more we come up to the genuine temper of Christ's religion.

Think, then, less of your virtues; more of your sins. Do I hear any one answer, I have no sins to think upon; I have no crimes which lie upon my conscience: I reply, that this may be true with respect to some, nay, with respect to many persons, according to the idea we commonly annex

Again: There may not be any action which, singly and separately taken, amounts to what would be reckoned a crime: yet there may be actions, which we give into, which even our own consciences cannot approve; and these may be so frequent with us, as to form a part of the course and fashion of our lives.

Again: It is possible, that some of the miscarriages in conduct, of which we have to accuse ourselves, may be imputable to inadvertency or surprise. But could these miscarriages happen so often as they do, if we exercised that vigilance in our Christian course, which not only forms a part of the Christian character, but is a sure effect of a sincere faith in religion, and a corresponding solicitude and concern about it? Lastly, uprofitableness itself is a sin. We need not do mischief in order to commit sin; uselessness, when we might be useful, is enough to make us sinners before God. The fig-tree in the Gospel was cut down, not because it bore sour fruit, but because it bore none. The parable of the talents (Matt xxv. 14.) is pointed expressly against the simple neglect of faculties and opportunities of doing good, as contradistinguished from the perpetration of positive crimes. Are not all these topics fit matters of meditation, in the review of our lives? Upon the whole, when I hear a person say he has no sins to think upon, I conclude that he

all.

has not thought seriously concerning religion at Let our sins, then, be ever before us; if not our crimes, of which it is possible that, according to the common acceptation of that word, we may not have many to remember; let our omissions, deficiencies, failures, our irregularities of heart and affection, our vices of temper and disposition, our course and habit of giving into smaller offences, meaning, as I do mean, by offences, all those things which our consciences cannot really approve; our slips, and inadvertencies and surprises, much too frequent for a man in earnest about salvation let these things occupy our attention; let this be the bent and direction of our thoughts: for they are the thoughts which will bring us to God evangelically; because they are the thoughts which will not only increase our vigilance, but which must inspire us with that humility as to ourselves, with that deep, and abiding, and operating sense of God Almighty's love and kindness and mercy towards us, in and through Jesus Christ our Saviour, which it was one great aim and end of the Gospel, and of those who preached it, to inculcate upon all who came to take hold of the offer of grace.

SERMON XII.

SALVATION FOR PENITENT SINNERS.

their imperfections, for acceptance through him, of broken and deficient services, the truth is, they have recourse to no such hope; besides, it is not imperfection with which they are charged, but a total absence of principle. A man who never strives to obey, never indeed bears that thought about him, must not talk of the imperfection of his obedience: neither the word, nor the idea, pertains to him; nor can he speak of broken and deficient services, who in no true sense of the term hath ever served God at all. I own, therefore, I do not perceive what rational hopes religion can hold out to insensibility and unconcernedness; to those who neither obey its rules, nor seek its aid neither follow after its rewards, nor sue, I mean, in spirit and sincerity, sue, for its pardon. But how, it will be asked, can a man be of regular and reputable morals, with this religious insensibility: in other words, with the want of vital religion in his heart? I answer, that it can be. A general regard to character, knowing that it is an advantageous thing to possess a good character; or a regard generated by natural and early habit; a disposition to follow the usages of life, which are practised around us, and which constitute decency; calm passions, easy circumstances, orderly companions, may, in a multitude of instances, keep men within rules and bounds, without the operation of any religious principle whatever.

There is likewise another cause, which has a tendency to shut out religion from the mind, and yet hath at the same time a tendency to make men orderly and decent in their conduct: and that Wherefore I say unto thee, Her sins, which are cause is business. A close attention to business many, are forgiven; for she loved much.-is very apt to exclude all other attentions; espeLuke vii. 47.

IT has been thought an extravagant doctrine, that the greatest sinners were sometimes nearer to the kingdom of heaven than they whose offences were less exorbitant, and less conspicuous: yet I apprehend, the doctrine wants only to be rationally explained, to show that it has both a great deal of truth, and a great deal of use in it; that it may be an awakening religious proposition to some, whilst it cannot, without being wilfully misconstrued, delude or deceive any.

Of all conditions in the world, the most to be despaired of, is the condition of those who are altogether insensible and unconcerned about religion; and yet they may be, in the mean time, tolerably regular in their outward behaviour; there may be nothing in it to give great offence; their character may be fair; they may pass with the common stream, or they may even be well spoken of; nevertheless, I say, that, whilst this insensibility remains upon their minds, their condition is more to be despaired of than that of any other person. The religion of Christ does not in any way apply to them: they do not belong to it; for are they to be saved by performing God's will? God is not in their thoughts; his will is not before their eyes. They may do good things, but it is not from a principle of obedience to God that they do them. There may be many crimes which they are not guilty of; but it is not out of regard to the will of God that they do not commit them. It does not, therefore, appear, what just hopes they can entertain of heaven, upon the score of an obedience which they not only do not perform, but do not attempt to perform. Then, secondly, if they are to hope in Christ for a forgiveness of

cially those of a spiritual nature, which appear to men of business shadowy and unsubstantial, and to want that present reality and advantage which they have been accustomed to look for and to find in their temporal concerns; and yet it is undoubtedly true, that attention to business frequently and naturally produces regular manners. Here, therefore, is a case, in which decency of behaviour shall subsist along with religious insensibility, forasmuch as one cause produces both—an intense application to business.

Decency, order, regularity, industry, application to our calling, are all good things; but then they are accompanied with this great danger, viz. that they may subsist without any religious influence whatever; and that, when they do so, their tendency is to settle and confirm men in religious insensibility. For finding things go on very smoothly, finding themselves received and respected without any religious principle, they are kept asleep, as to their spiritual concerns, by the very quietness and prosperity of things around them. "There is a way that seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death." It is possible to slumber in a fancied security, or rather in an unconsciousness of danger, a blindness to our true situation, a thoughtlessness or stupefaction concerning it, even at the time when we are in the utmost peril of salvation; when we are descending fast towards a state of perdition. It is not the judgment of an erroneous conscience: that is not the case I mean. It is rather a want of conscience, or a conscience which is never exerted; in a word, it is an indifference and insensibility concerning religion, even in the midst of seeming and external decency of behaviour, and soothed and lulled by this very circumstance.

Now it is not only within the compass of possibi- | God is turned into lasciviousness. At the time lity, but it frequently, nay, I hope, it very fre- this design is formed, the person forming it is in quently comes to pass, that open, confessed, the bond of iniquity, as St. Peter told Simon be acknowledged sins, sting the sinner's conscience: was; in a state of eminent perdition; and this that the upbraidings of mankind, the cry, the cla- design will not help him out of it. We say that mour, the indignation, which his wickedness has repentance is sometimes more likely to be brought excited, may at length come home to his own soul; about in a confessed, nay, notorious and convicted may compel him to reflect, may bring him, though sinner, than in a seemingly regular life: but it is by force and violence, to a sense of his guilt, and of true repentance that we speak, and no true a knowledge of his situation. Now I say, that repentance can proceed from a previous intention this sense of sin, by whatever cause it be produced, to repent, I mean an intention previous to the sin. is better than religious insensibility. The sinner's Therefore no advantage can be taken of this docpenitence is more to be trusted to than the seem-trine to the encouragement of sin, without wilfully ingly righteous man's security. The one is misconstruing it. roused; is roused from the deep forgetfulness of But then you say, we place the sinner in a religion in which he had hitherto lived. Good more hopeful condition than the righteous. But fruit, even fruit unto life everlasting, may spring who, let us inquire, are the righteous we speak from the motion which is stirred in his heart. of? Not they, who are endeavouring, however The other remains, as to religion, in a state of imperfectly, to perform the will of God; not torpor. The thing wanted, as the quickening they, who are actuated by a principle of obeprinciple, as the seed and germ of religion in the dience to him; but men who are orderly and heart, is compunction, convincement of sin, of regular in their visible behaviour without an indanger, of the necessity of flying to the Redeemer ternal religion. To the eye of man they appear and to his religion in good earnest. "They were righteous. But if they do good, it is not from the pricked in their heart, and said to Peter and to the love or fear of God, or out of regard to religion rest of the apostles, Men and brethren, what shall that they do it, but from other considerations. If we do?" This was the state of mind of those they abstain from sin, they abstain from it out of who first heard the Gospel: and this is the state different motives from what religion offers; and of mind still to be brought about before the Gos- so long as they have the acquiescence and appropel be heard with effect. And sin will sometimes bation of the world, they are kept in a state of do it, when outward righteousness will not; I sleep; in a state, as to religion, of total negligence mean by outward righteousness, external decency and unconcern. Of these righteous men there of manners, without any inward principle of reli- are many; and, when we compare their condition gion whatever. The sinner may return and fly with that of the open sinner, it is to rouse them, to God, even because the world is against him. if possible, to a sense of religion. A wounded The visibly righteous man is in friendship with conscience is better than a conscience which is the world and the "friendship of the world is torpid. When conscience begins to do its office, enmity with God," whensoever, as I have before they will feel things changed within them mightiexpressed it, it soothes and lulls men in religiously. It will no longer be their concern to keep fair insensibility.

But how, it will be said, is this? Is it not to encourage sin? Is it not to put the sinner in a more hopeful condition than the righteous? Is it not, in some measure, giving the greatest sinner the greatest chance of being saved? This may be objected; and the objection brings me to support the assertion in the beginning of my discourse, that the doctrine proposed cannot, without being wilfully misconstrued, deceive or delude any. First, you ask, is not this to encourage sin? I answer, it is to encourage the sinner who repents; and, if the sinner repent, why should he not be encouraged? But some, you say, will take occasion, from this encouragement, to plunge into sin. I answer, that then they wilfully misapply it for if they enter upon sin intending to repent afterwards, I take upon me to tell them, that no true repentance can come of such intention. The very intention is a fraud: instead of being the parent of true repentance, it is itself to be repented of bitterly. Whether such a man ever repent or not is another question, but no sincere repentance can issue or proceed from this intention. It must come altogether from another quarter. It will look back, when it does come, upon that previous intention with hatred and horror, as upon a plan, and scheme, and design to impose upon and abuse the mercy of God. The moment a plan is formed of sinning with an intention afterwards to repent, at that moment the whole doctrine of grace, of repentance, and of course this part of it amongst the rest, is wilfully misconstrued. The grace of

with the world, to preserve appearances, to maintain a character, to uphold decency, order, and regularity in their behaviour; but it will be their concern to obey God, to think of him, to love him, to fear him; nay, to love him with all their heart, with all their mind, with all their soul, with all their strength; that is, to direct their cares and endeavours to one single point, his will; yet their visible conduct may not be much altered; but their internal motives and principle will be altered altogether.

This alteration must take place in the heart, even of the seemingly righteous. It may take place also in the heart of the sinner; and, we say, (and this is, in truth, the whole which we say) that a conscience pricked by sin is sometimes, nay oftentimes, more susceptible of the impres sions of religion, of true and deep impressions, than a mind which has been accustomed to look only to the laws and customs of the world, to conform itself to those laws, and to find rest and satisfaction in that peace, which not God, but the world gives.

SERMON XIII.

SINS OF THE FATHERS UPON THE CHILDREN.

Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them; for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the father

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upon the children unto the third and fourth | generation of them that hate me.-Exodus xx. 5.

morality, or true virtue, where there is false religion, false worship, false gods; for which reason you find, that this great article (for such it then THESE words form part of the second com- was) was not only made the subject of a command, mandment. It need not be denied, that there is but placed at the head of all the rest. Nay, more; an apparent harshness in this declaration, with from the whole strain and tenor of the Old Teswhich the minds even of good and pious men have tament, there is good reason to believe, that the been sometimes sensibly affected. To visit the maintaining in the world the knowledge and worsins of the fathers upon the children, even to the ship of the one true God, holy, just, and good, in third and fourth generation, is not, at first sight, contradiction to the idolatrous worship which preat least, so reconcileable to our apprehensions of vailed, was the great and principal scheme and justice and equity, as that we should expect to end of the Jewish polity and most singular confind it in a solemn publication of the will of God. stitution. As the Jewish nation, therefore, was I think, however, that a fair and candid inter- to be the depository of, and the means of preservpretation of the words before us will remove a great ing in the world, the knowledge and worship of deal of the difficulty, and of the objection which the one true God, when it was lost and darkened lies against them. My exposition of the passage in other countries, it became of the last importance is contained in these four articles:-First, that to the execution of this purpose, that this nation the denunciation and sentence relate to the sin of should be warned and deterred, by every moral idolatry in particular, if not to that alone. Se-means, from sliding themselves into those praccondly, That it relates to temporal, or, more properly speaking, to family prosperity and adversity. Thirdly, That it relates to the Jewish economy, in that particular administration of a visible pro- The form of expression used in the second comvidence, under which they lived. Fourthly, that mandment, and in this very part of it, much faat no rate does it affect, or was ever meant to af-vours the interpretation for which I argue, namefect, the acceptance or salvation of individuals in a future life.

First, I say, that the denunciation and sentence relate to the sin of idolatry in particular, if not to that alone. The prohibition of the commandment is pointed against that particular offence, and no other. The first and second commandment may be considered as one, inasmuch as they relate to one subject, or nearly so. For many ages, and by many churches, they were put together, and considered as one commandment. The subject to which they both relate, is false worship, or the worship of false gods. This is the single subject, to which the prohibition of both commandments relates; the single class of sins which is guarded against. Although, therefore, the expression be, "the sins of the fathers," without specifying in that clause what sins, yet in fair construction, and indeed in common construction, we may well suppose it to be that kind and class of sins, for the restraint of which the command was given, and against which its force was directed. The punishment, threatened by any law, must naturally be applied to the offence particularly forbidden by that law, and not to offences in general.

One reason why you may not probably perceive the full weight of what I am saying, is, that we do not at this day understand, or think much concerning the sin of idolatry, or the necessity, or importance of God's delivering a specific, a solemn, a terrifying sentence against it. The sin itself hath in a manner ceased from among us: other sins, God knows, have come in its place; but this, in a great measure, is withdrawn from our observation: whereas in the age of the world, and among those people, when and to whom the ten commandments were promulgated, false worship, or the worship of false gods, was the sin, which lay at the root and foundation of every other. The worship of the one true God, in opposition to the vain, and false, and wicked religions, which had then obtained amongst mankind, was the grand point to be inculcated. It was the contest then carried on; and the then world, as well as future ages, were deeply interested in it. History testifies, experience testifies, that there cannot be true

tices, those errors, and that crime, against which it was the very design of their institution that they should strive and contend.

ly, that the sentence or threatening was aimed against the sin of idolatry alone. The words are, For I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, and visit the sins of the fathers upon the children." These two things, of being jealous, and of visiting the sins of the fathers upon the children, are spoken of God in conjunction; and in such a manner, as to show that they refer to one subject. Now jealousy implies a rival. God's being jealous means, that he would not allow any other god to share with himself in the worship of his creatures: that is what is imported in the word jealous; and, therefore, that is the subject to which the threat of visiting the sins of the fathers upon the children is applied. According to this interpretation, the following expressions of the commandment, "Them that hate me, and them that love me," signify them that forsake and desert my worship and religion for the worship and religion of other gods, and them who adhere firmly and faithfully to my worship, in opposition to every other worship.

My second proposition is, that the threat relates to temporal, or, more properly speaking, to family prosperity and adversity. In the history of the Jews, most particularly of their kings, of whom, as was to be expected, we read and know the most, we meet with repeated instances of this same threat being both pronounced and executed against their family prosperity; and for this very same cause, their desertion of the true God, and going over, after the example of the nations around them to the worship of false gods. Amongst various other instances, one is very memorable and very direct to our present argument; and that is the instance of Ahab, who of all the idolatrous kings of Israel was the worst. The punishment threatened and denounced against his crime was this: "Behold I will bring evil upon thee, and will take away thy posterity, and will make thine house like the house of Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, and like the house of Baasha, the son of Ahijah, for the provocation wherewith thou hast provoked me to anger and made Israel to sin." The provocation, you will observe, was the introduction of false gods into his kingdom; and the prophet here not only threatens Ahab with the ruin and

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